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Washington's continued backing of Israel after the lead prosecutor of the International Criminal Court's decision to seek arrest warrants for Israeli officials could ultimately create legal vulnerabilities for US leaders, experts say.
The US swiftly condemned the ICC on Monday after top prosecutor Karim Khan said he would seek arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defence Minister Yoav Gallant.
Mr Khan is also seeking warrants for three top Hamas officials.
While the US does not recognise the ICC's jurisdiction, the case could pave the way for American leaders and officials to be held accountable in US courts of law, said Daniel Levy, president of the US-Middle East Project.
“I don't think this will be upheld ultimately, but it does create new vulnerabilities individually and collectively, for the people who have lent a hand,” Mr Levy told The National.
"Let's be very clear, these crimes that Israel's leaders are being accused of could not have continued without the constant flow of American munitions and weapons."
He said the administration of President Joe Biden, who has called Mr Khan's announcement “outrageous”, appears to be saying they are willing to bring down the “fragile” global system of international law to guarantee that Israel can never be held accountable.
“The outrage … is the autopilot response when Israel is criticised or held accountable,” Mr Levy said.
“The whole essence of the US-Israel relationship is Israeli impunity, guaranteed by America, and the whole essence of a rules-based, law-governed world is that no one should be free from accountability.”
Francis Boyle, a professor of international law at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, told The National that US leaders should be careful about how they respond to the case.
In January, a group of Palestinian Americans, Gaza residents and representatives of human rights organisations tried to sue the Biden administration, accusing it of complicity in failing to prevent an unfolding genocide in Gaza.
The judge quickly tossed out the lawsuit, ruling that federal courts lacked the authority to rule on some decisions by Congress and the President.
But the case highlights the sort of legal challenge US politicians and the Biden administration could face.
“If they're not careful, Biden [and other top officials] could be in a position of aiding and abetting Israeli war criminals,” Prof Boyle argued.
Members of Congress have also condemned the ICC, with some threatening sanctions.
On Tuesday, Speaker of the House of Representatives Mike Johnson called Mr Khan's decision “baseless and illegitimate”, saying he was working on legislation to address the ICC “as quickly as possible”.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken said he would work with Congress to craft an “appropriate response” to the ICC.
The US brought sanctions against ICC officials in 2019 under former president Donald Trump after the court opened an investigation into American activity in Afghanistan. Mr Biden reversed those sanctions.
Two hundred days of Israel Gaza war – in pictures
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Palestinians move with their belongings on a road lined with destroyed buildings, in Khan Younis, in the south of the Gaza Strip, on April 22. AFP -
An infant saved from the womb of her mother Sabreen Al Sheikh, who was killed in an Israeli strike along with her husband Shokri and her daughter Malak, lies in an incubator at Al Emirati hospital in Rafah, on April 21. Reuters -
A man rides a bicycle, on April 2, past a damaged vehicle where employees from the World Central Kitchen non-profit, including foreigners, were killed in an Israeli air strike. Reuters -
A woman at the damaged Al Shifa Hospital, on April 1, after Israeli forces withdrew from the medical complex following a two-week siege. Reuters -
The view from a Jordanian flight dropping vital aid by parachute into Gaza, in March. Matthew Kynaston / The National -
Nozha Awad flees Al Shifa hospital with her triplet children, after an Israeli raid siege began at the medical complex, in March. Reuters -
Palestinians gather to receive aid outside a UNRWA warehouse, in March. Reuters -
A family end their fast amid the rubble of their destroyed home, during Ramadan in Rafah, in March. Reuters -
Wafaa Tabasi with her twin malnourished daughters, at Al Awda health centre in Rafah, in March. Reuters -
Palestinians carry bags of flour taken from an aid lorry near an Israeli checkpoint in Gaza City, in February. Reuters -
Fernando Simon Marman and Louis Hare, two Israeli hostages who, according to the Israeli military, were freed in a special forces operation in Rafah, reunite with loved ones at Sheba Medical Centre, in Ramat Gan, Israel, in February. Reuters -
Palestinian Muhammad Al Durra with his children in the ruins of a house in Rafah where they sheltered on January 11, 2024. EPA -
Family and friends at the funerals of journalists Hamza Al Dahdouh and Mustafa Thuraya on January 7, 2024 in Rafah, Gaza. Getty Images -
Palestinians mourn relatives killed by Israeli bombardment of the Gaza Strip outside a mortuary in Khan Younis January 4, 2024. AP Photo -
Displaced Palestinians queue to bake bread at a camp in the Muwasi area of Rafah, Gaza Strip, on December 23, 2023. AP Photo -
Palestinians queue for food in Rafah, the Gaza Strip, on December 20, 2023. AP Photo -
The ruins of Rafah on December 14, 2023. AFP -
Palestinians wounded in the Israeli bombardment of the Gaza Strip arrive at a hospital in Khan Younis on December 8, 2023. AP Photo -
Palestinians flee Israeli bombing along the Salaheddine Road in the Zeitoun district of Gaza city on November 28, 2023. AFP -
A Red Cross vehicle takes Israeli hostages from the Gaza Strip into Egypt in Rafah on November 25, 2023. AP -
The ruins of buildings in Gaza city on November 24, 2023, as a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas took effect. AP Photo -
A woman and her cat return home to eastern Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip during the first hours of a four-day truce between Israel and Hamas forces on November 24, 2023. AFP -
Mourning the dead of Israeli bombardment outside the mortuary at Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis on November 14, 2023. AFP -
Civilians and rescuers look for survivors in the rubble of a building after Israeli bombing of Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip on November 12, 2023. AFP -
November 7, 2023, a month to the day after Hamas attacked Israel, a victim of an Israeli bombardment in Rafah is moved from the rubble. AFP -
Searching the rubble after Israeli air strikes on the town of Khan Younis, southern Gaza Strip, on October 26, 2023. AP Photo -
Mourning the Kotz family at their funeral in Gan Yavne, Israel, on October 17, 2023. AP Photo -
An Israeli firefighter composes himself after he and his colleagues extinguished cars set on fire by a rocket fired from the Gaza Strip in Ashkelon, Israel, on October 9, 2023. AP Photo -
Palestinians with the wreckage of an Israeli tank at the Gaza Strip fence east of the city of Khan Younis on October 7, 2023, the day Hamas forces swept unopposed into Israel. AP Photo -
Israeli police officers evacuate a woman and a child from a site hit by a rocket fired from the Gaza Strip, in Ashkelon, southern Israel, on October 7, 2023. AP Photo
Prof Boyle expressed doubt that Mr Biden would support new sanctions as it would make him “appear to be a total hypocrite”.
Talk of sanctions is an attempt by Washington to “bully and intimidate” the court, Mr Levy said – “and more often than not, it's effective”.
Prof Boyle represented the group Mothers of Srebrenica and Podrinja before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, a predecessor to the ICC.
He was involved in convincing it to indict Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic on war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity in Bosnia.
As to how quick and effective Mr Khan's efforts might be, Prof Boyle said: “It seems to be we have an army for international human rights lawyers out there and I'm confident one of this worldwide college of international human rights lawyers will bring to the bar of justice Netanyahu [and] Gallant.”
He pointed to the two cases before the International Court of Justice that involve the war in Gaza – one brought by South Africa accusing Israel of genocide and another brought by Nicaragua, which accuses Germany of enabling genocide in the enclave.
“There's a mountain of evidence from reputable sources that would substantiate the claims by Karim Khan for war crimes and crimes against humanity and, indeed, also for genocide,” Prof Boyle said.
He said the ICC case is likely to cause countries around the world to re-evaluate their attitudes towards Israel.
Now that Mr Khan has submitted his applications for arrest warrants, a panel of three judges will consider whether or not to accept them.
They take on average two months to consider the evidence and determine if the proceedings can move forward.
This is a “very important step towards eroding Israeli impunity, holding Israel accountable and therefore, eventually, perhaps ending the crimes that have been committed against Palestinians”, Mr Levy said.
“But it's just one step.”
