Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korea's Kim Jong-un have signed a deal that includes a mutual defence pledge, marking one of Russia's most significant moves in Asia for years.
The pledge, agreed on Wednesday, overhauls the previous post-Soviet policy on North Korea at a time when the United States and its Asian allies try to gauge how far Russia would go to support the only country to have tested a nuclear weapon this century.
Mr Putin compared Russia's deepening of ties with North Korea to the West's growing support for Ukraine and said Moscow could develop military and technical co-operation with Pyongyang.
Following talks during Mr Putin's first visit to Pyongyang in 24 years, they signed a "comprehensive strategic partnership" pact, which Mr Putin said included a mutual defence clause in the case of aggression against either country.
"The comprehensive partnership agreement signed today provides, among other things, for mutual assistance in the event of aggression against one of the parties to this agreement," Mr Putin said.
He said western deliveries of advanced, long-range weaponry, including F-16 fighters to Ukraine for strikes against Russia, breached major agreements.
"In connection with this, Russia does not exclude for itself the development of military-technical co-operation with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea," Mr Putin said.
Mr Kim praised Russia for making what he cast as an enormously significant strategic move to support North Korea, which was founded in 1948 with the Soviet Union's backing.
Depending on the exact wording of the pact, which was not released, it could be a dramatic shift in the strategic balance in north-east Asia by placing Russia's heft behind North Korea - which faces South Korea, backed by the United States, across the heavily fortified demilitarised zone (DMZ).
While North Korea has a defence treaty with China, it does not have active military collaboration with Beijing like it has developed with Russia over the past year. North Korea also signed a 1961 treaty with the Soviet Union that included promises of mutual support in the event of an attack.
China, the north's main political and economic benefactor, had no immediate response.
Vladimir Putin's inauguration ceremony - in pictures
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Russian President Vladimir Putin gives a speech during his inauguration ceremony at the Kremlin in Moscow. AFP -
Mr Putin was inaugurated for his fourth term as Russia's leader. Reuters -
Soldiers carry the Russian national flag and the Standard of the President of the Russian Federation into the Kremlin's ornately decorated Andreyevsky Hall. AFP -
Russia's Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu, right, and Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin in attendance. AFP -
Military officers involved in Russia's campaign in Ukraine wait before the ceremony. Reuters -
Presidential regiment guards carry a gold-embossed copy of the Russian Constitution and the presidential chain of office. AP -
The Hero of Russia star and the Orders of Courage medals on a participant's uniform. AFP -
American action-movie actor Steven Seagal arrives. AP
Mr Putin's courting of Mr Kim, which has included gifts of limousines and a tour of Russia's new space launch centre, has alarmed the United States and its Asian allies.
"Deepening co-operation between Russia and the DPRK is a trend that should be of great concern to anyone interested in maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, upholding the global non-proliferation regime, abiding by UN Security Council resolutions, and supporting the people of Ukraine," a spokesperson for the US State Department said.
Mr Putin accused the United States, South Korea and Japan of raising tensions on the Korean peninsula and said North Korea had a right to strengthen its own defences.
Mr Kim said the pact would expand co-operation in politics, economy and defence, calling it "strictly peace-loving and defensive" in nature.
"Our two countries' relations have been elevated to the new higher level of an alliance," Mr Kim said.
At the start of their summit, Mr Kim expressed "unconditional support" for "all of Russia's policies", including "a full support and firm alliance" for Mr Putin's war with Ukraine.
Mr Putin said Moscow was fighting the hegemonic, imperialist policy of the United States and its allies, Russian media reported.
"We highly appreciate your consistent and unwavering support for Russian policy, including in the Ukrainian direction," Mr Putin said.
North Korea "expresses full support and solidarity to the Russian government, army and people in carrying out a special military operation in Ukraine to protect sovereignty, security interests, as well as territorial integrity", Mr Kim told Mr Putin.
On his arrival in North Korea, Mr Putin was greeted by cheering crowds lining the streets of Pyongyang, along with children waving Russian flags and a military salute. Mr Kim, 40, greeted Mr Putin at the airport.
After talks, Mr Putin drove Mr Kim around in a luxury Russian limousine. They then switched places and Mr Kim drove Mr Putin. Later, they watched a concert together.
An honour guard, including mounted soldiers, and a large crowd of civilians gathered at the Kim Il Sung Square by the Taedong River running through the capital.
The scene included children holding balloons and giant portraits of the two leaders with national flags adorning the square's main building.
Russia has used its warming ties with North Korea to needle Washington, while heavily sanctioned North Korea has won political backing and promises of economic support and trade from Moscow.
The United States and its allies say they fear Russia could provide aid for North Korea's missile and nuclear programmes, which are banned by UN Security Council resolutions, and have accused Pyongyang of providing ballistic missiles and artillery shells that Russia has used in its war in Ukraine.
Moscow and Pyongyang have denied weapon transfers.
