Egyptian scientists digitally unwrap 3,500-year-old mummy

Using CT scans, researchers learn more about the life and death of 18th-dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep I

A 3D reconstruction of the head of Amenhotep I created using computed tomography scans. By 'digitally unwrapping' the mummy, scientists for the first time since it was discovered in 1881 revealed its secrets without disturbing the funerary mask. AFPShow less

Researchers in Egypt uncovered previously unknown details about Pharaoh Amenhotep I by using technology to study his mummified body for the first time.

Computed tomography scans allowed archaeologists from Cairo University to unwrap the mummy and see what lies beneath the bandages.

Amenhotep I is the only mummified ancient Egyptian royal who has not been unwrapped since being unearthed in 1881.

Known for his exquisite wooden face mask decorated with garlands of flowers, the mummy was deemed too fragile to be handled.

Dr Sahar Saleem, professor of radiology at the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University, said: "This fact that Amenhotep I's mummy had never been unwrapped in modern times gave us a unique opportunity: not just to study how he had originally been mummified and buried, but also how he had been treated and reburied twice, centuries after his death, by high priests of Amun.

An image of the head of King Amenhotep I created using computed tomography scanning, in Cairo, Egypt. EPA

"By digitally unwrapping the mummy and 'peeling off' its virtual layers – the facemask, the bandages, and the mummy itself – we could study this well-preserved pharaoh in unprecedented detail.

"We show that Amenhotep I was approximately 35 years old when he died. He was approximately 169 centimetres tall, circumcised, and had good teeth. Within his wrappings, he wore 30 amulets and a unique golden girdle with gold beads.

The scan showed no traces of wounds or disfigurements, which led Dr Saleem’s team to rule out murder as the cause of death.

Amenhotep, she said, seems to have resembled his father, Ahmose I, who ruled between 1550 and 1525BC.

"He had a narrow chin, a small narrow nose, curly hair, and mildly protruding upper teeth," she said.

Amenhotep I, whose name means "Amun is satisfied" – in reference to Amun, the ancient Egyptian god of the air – ruled from approximately 1525 to 1504BC and was first discovered in 1881 at an archaeological site in Deir el Bahari in southern Egypt.

The ornate wooden funerary mask of 18th-dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep I. The pharaoh's mummy was studied for the first time since its excavation in 1881 using non-invasive imaging techniques.

The study further discovered that Amenhotep’s mummy still contained his brain, unlike other mummies found during more recent periods of ancient Egyptian history such as Tutankhamun or Rameses II. In those mummies, the brain had been removed and embalming materials were placed inside the empty skull, said archaeologist Zahi Hawass.

Amenhotep I oversaw what has been described as a golden age in the civilisation's history and, along with his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari, was worshipped as a god after his death.

He was the second pharaoh of Egypt's 18th dynasty after his father Ahmose I, who had expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt.

Widely considered invaders of Egypt, the Hyksos were an ethnic group of Asian origin that settled in Egypt and ruled parts of it during the 15th dynasty (1650 to 1550BC).

Amenhotep I was one of 22 royal mummies relocated from Downtown Cairo’s Egyptian Museum to the newly-opened National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation in a grand parade that took place in April.

Read more about Ancient Egypt:

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Egyptian mummy could help archaeologists rewrite the history books - in pictures:

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  The interior of the tomb of an ancient Egyptian nobleman called Khuwy, which was discovered in 2019, about 35 kilometres south of the capital Cairo. The mummified body of Khuwy has been found to be older than previously thought. AFP

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  Mohamed Mujahid, head of the Egyptian team that discovered the tomb, inspects the interior. AFP

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  Recent work on the mummy excavated from the tomb suggests that ancient Egyptians living during the time of the Old Kingdom – between 2700BC and 2200BC – were already carrying out sophisticated burials. AFP

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  Evidence for the mummy's age includes hieroglyphs on the wall of the tomb. AFP

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  The latest findings may completely change the world's understanding of the evolution of mummification, experts say. AFP

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  A set of miniature vessels found in the burial chamber. EPA

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  Tools, jewellery and stones found in the tomb. EPA

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  People look at miniature vessels and other objects found in the burial chamber. EPA