For thousands of years, a network of aqueducts and water storage tanks helped Yemen's port city of Aden cope with both floods and drought. Today, plastic bags, drinks cans and makeshift shacks clog the ancient channels.
But as global warming fuels extreme weather in the climate-vulnerable nation, city officials say restoring the Tawila Cisterns to their former glory could help guarantee water supplies during dry spells and avert floods in the rainy season.
“I know my city's history, and I want to bring that history to the present,” said Gelal Haykal, 28, a member of the local council in the city's flood-prone Crater district.
a member of the local council
Since the 15th century BC, the Tawila Cisterns — named after their location within a dormant volcano ― would channel rainwater through a series of locks, filling up a half-dozen tanks before spilling out into the sea, according to UN-Habitat, the UNs' settlements programme.
The channels, made of volcanic ash waterproofed by stucco, zigzagged between the cragged ranges of volcanic rock, diverting rainwater away from the lowest-lying and oldest parts of Aden and saving residents from floods.
“It was genius,” Othman Abdulrahman, deputy head of Aden's antiquities department, said.
They also provided up to 90 million litres of accessible drinking water every year for Adenis — whose descendants now live in one of the most water-stressed countries in the world.
“People used to draw water from it,” said Mr Abdulrahman, pointing to a series of ledges and stairways carved within the basin that once let residents get closer to the water's edge.
Nowadays, the channels are mostly blocked with rubbish. Further down the hillside, informal settlements have mushroomed around the openings that let water into the Gulf of Aden.
That means some of the channels fill up partially and overflow, without filling up the tanks.
“It's painful for me to look at it like this,” said Mr Abdulrahman.
'We're afraid'
Yemen, a country of 30 million people on the south-western tip of the Arabian peninsula, faces two opposing consequences of climate change.
It is already one of the world's most water-scarce countries and desertification is making it much harder for millions of people to access safe drinking water.
But its coastal regions also suffer destructive flash floods.
In 2020, flash floods killed more than 170 people across the country. In 2021, two back-to-back floods affected thousands of Yemeni families — including in Aden.
Aden is the sixth-most vulnerable city in the world to sea-level rise and storm surges, according to a 2009 study by the Centre for Global Development, a non-profit think tank.
The city's natural harbour and oldest neighbourhoods lie in the low-lying Crater districts.
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Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. All photos: REUTERS -
Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. -
Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. -
A man walks past a building collapsed by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. REUTERS -
Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. REUTERS -
Workers demolish a rain-damaged building in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. REUTERS -
Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. REUTERS -
Workers demolish a building damaged by rain in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the old city of Sanaa, Yemen. REUTERS
Most of the residents are low-income families living in mud-brick homes, many of which disintegrated in the 2020 floods.
These included Aden resident Faisal Al Shawqi's two-storey family home.
“It was a horrifying, terrifying day,” Mr Al Shawqi, 28, said. He recalled how the rainwater gushed into the house so fast it washed away the stairway linking to the upper floor, leaving his family stuck on the ground floor.
Flood-proofing their home or moving to a more elevated neighbourhood needed cash that his family did not have.
a city resident
As the spring flood season draws closer, Mr Al Shawqi is jittery.
“We're afraid and very nervous — my own house and all the houses around us are already falling apart,” he said.
UN-Habitat has renovated more than 100 flood-damaged homes and is installing stormwater networks to benefit another 15,000 Aden residents. It also sees potential in rehabilitating the city's ancient water network.
“The Tawila Cisterns are considered one of the sustainable ways to cope with flood impacts,” said the agency's country head, Wael Al Shhab.
Funding could prove tricky, however, he said.
Given the dire humanitarian situation in Yemen — where most families struggle to afford basic food items or healthcare after seven years of war — gathering donations for a longer-term infrastructure project may be challenging.
“Most of the donors think of food, medicine, and water as the main three challenges that they need to tackle in this humanitarian context of protracted armed conflicts and war,” said Mr Al Shhab.
Mahmoud Bingaradi, the administrative head of the Crater districts, estimated that the Tawila Cisterns could be fully restored for $600,000.
Hayal, a member of Mr Bingaradi's team, said that was a small price to pay to potentially save his city.
“The floods are so sudden these days and there's so much water,” he said. “We know how important this cistern system is.”
