The sound of an electric saw rips through a lush mountain landscape in southern Yemen, where years of conflict and soaring prices have left people desperate for fuel and income.
“We started cutting trees and selling them because we have no other way of making a living,” Hussein Abdulqawi said in a thinning forest on the outskirts of Taiz.
He and other workers lugged freshly cut wood into the back of a van near the city, which is besieged by rebels but still under government control.
Nearly nine years of war between government forces and Iran-backed Houthi rebels has devastated Yemen, the poorest country on the Arabian Peninsula.
Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine a year ago, rises in global food and fuel prices have piled on further suffering.
Mr Abdulqawi acknowledged he was contributing to an environmental “catastrophe” but said he lacked options in a nation where many cannot afford fuel for heating and cooking.
“We have no choice” but to sell the wood, just as people “have no choice but to buy” it, he said.
Houthi rebels seized the capital Sanaa in 2014, prompting a Saudi-led coalition to intervene the following year to prop up the internationally recognised government.
Since then, the war has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths both directly and indirectly, and pushed the nation to the brink of famine.
An estimated 21.6 million people, two-thirds of Yemen's population, will require humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2023, according to the UN.
At a Taiz bakery, tree trunks and branches are cut into pieces and piled into bread ovens.
The wood crackles as it catches fire while employees shovel out loaves at a frantic pace.
Standing in front of the oven, bakery owner Abdelsalam Dabwan complained of an “incredible increase” in gas costs.
He said he used wood as a cheaper alternative and to avoid compounding people's suffering by putting up bread prices.
bakery owner in Taez
“We use wood to give people what they need,” the baker said, urging authorities to intervene to stem inflation.
Fuel costs in government-held parts of Yemen peaked early last year in the immediate aftermath of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
They then spiked again mid-year before steadily declining, but still remain high.
Environmental expert Anwar Al Shazli said more than six million trees had been felled since the start of Yemen's war, including around the capital Sanaa, where the wood is often used in restaurants and bakeries.
Especially in Taiz, trees are cut “at ground level, which affects groundwater, agricultural systems and biodiversity while contributing to soil erosion”, he said.
Mr Al Shazli called on authorities to prevent “anarchic” felling and to train amateur loggers on how to avoid serious damage to the environment.
“A natural disaster will befall the country” if no steps are taken, he warned.
