Drawing water from desert air no longer a mirage

Cutting-edge technology is addressing the Middle East's water scarcity challenges

Producing water from air is becoming an efficient and sustainable reality due to scientific advancements in the UAE.

Khalifa University is among the leading institutions and companies transforming this concept into practical reality.

It has developed solar-powered water generators that offer a sustainable solution to the Middle East's lack of rain.

To mark World Water Day, a day to underline the importance of fresh and clean water, The National visited the university's projects to find out how they has been progressing.

The technology, powered by solar panels, efficiently extracts water vapour from the air, promising a significant reduction in the cost and environmental impact of traditional water-sourcing methods.

In regions where rain is scarce and importing water costly, this innovation is especially crucial.

With the capacity to produce up to 5,000 litres of water daily, these generators represent a leap towards sustainable water security, aligning with global efforts to find eco-friendly and efficient water solutions.

The Middle East faces severe water scarcity, with per capita availability set to drop below 500 cubic metres annually, indicating absolute scarcity.

By 2050, the region will require an extra 25 billion cubic metres of water yearly, equal to building 65 desalination plants the size of Saudi Arabia's Ras Al Khair plant.

UAE university rises to the challenge

During a tour of one of the solar-powered water generators at Khalifa University’s Sas Al Nakhl campus, Prof Samuel Mao poured a glass of water and took a sip.

“It’s a great solution,” Prof Mao told The National.

He said the university is in the process of preparing a patent application for its unique implementation of water-generation.

Prof Mao, professor of practice in mechanical engineering and a senior director of the Masdar Institute, said that researchers are looking at ways to bring the cost of implementation down, but there’s ample reason for optimism.

Atmospheric water generators, which allow for moisture to be collected from the air, are used around the world but require an energy source, which negates some of the sustainable goals behind them.

Khalifa University’s solution was to use solar panels to power the pars, creating a net-zero solution that could be used especially in the Middle East and North Africa, where the sun is plentiful.

“The technology involves using solar energy to extract water vapour in the air by cooling the air below its dew point,” Prof Mao said.

He said the smaller implementation of the concept at Khalifa University can produce about 50 litres of water a day, but larger implementations could generate up to 5,000 litres daily, without the pollution and waste of conventional desalination processes.

“Water is generated as long as there is sunshine and moisture in air, and the system does not require electric power from the grid,” Prof Mao said.

The quest for sustainable water solutions has led to various innovative approaches worldwide, including at the Cop28 climate conference in Dubai, where water security and harvesting solutions were a focal point.

There, Manhat, a UAE start-up aiming to build floating farms using proprietary technology to generate fresh water from the ocean without electricity, had a booth displaying its devices.

“We want to bring this technology to market as soon as we can,” said Dr Saeed Alkhazraji, Manhat founder, pointing to the company’s devices.

Innovations for a sustainable future

Recent advancements in technology have shown that harvesting water directly from air is not only possible but increasingly efficient, even in the driest of environments.

UK researchers have developed “Solar2Water,” a system that outperforms conventional AWGs by generating twice the amount of water, regardless of ambient humidity levels.

This technology operates with remarkable efficiency, tapping into solar energy to produce clean water in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have made significant progress with a solar-powered system capable of extracting drinkable water from air with as low as 20 per cent humidity.

This breakthrough is achieved using a two-stage design that uses zeolite, a widely available adsorbent material, to significantly increase the system's water output.

Field tests conducted in the arid conditions of Tempe, Arizona, confirmed the system's potential, marking a substantial step towards providing a sustainable water source for remote, water-scarce regions.

A leap towards sustainable water security

A recent paper in Applied Physics Reviews, an AIP Publishing journal, details another innovation by researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China: a solar-powered atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) system capable of taking water from the air.

This new technology uses special gels that can soak up and release water from the air very effectively. These gels are made from a mix of materials that work together to pull in water from the surrounding environment.

The study's first author Dr Xiang Chengjie told The National that among all materials that absorb moisture, hygroscopic, or water-attracting, salt is regarded as one of the most effective at drawing in water.

It can capture a lot of water from the air, even when it is not very moist.

World Water Day 2024 - in pictures

Watering vegetables in Taguig City, Philippines. Authorities say about 40 million Filipinos still lack access to a formal water supply while 74 million of the population have access to piped and potable water. World Water Day is observed annually on March 22, to highlight the global need for access to safe and clean water. EPA

Fetching water in the Mathare slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Middlemen exploit shortages to sell water at exorbitant prices. PA

Drawing water from a hole in a sandy riverbed in Makueni County, Kenya. There have been fatal clashes between clans in the country who dispute each other’s access to water and pasturelands. AP

Residents bathe in a dam of the Unda river in Klungkung, Indonesia. AP

The polluted waters of the Tawi river in Jammu, India. AP

A water lorry worker fills tanks at houses in the Pamplona Alta area in Lima, Peru. Residents buy water for drinking, cooking and cleaning from private suppliers. AP

The dried Bheeman Lake bed on the outskirts of Bengaluru, India. EPA

An internally displaced Palestinian girl carrying containers on the way to fetch water, in Khan Younis, southern Gaza Strip. EPA

Workers remove waste from West Lake in Hanoi, Vietnam. EPA

A communal well in Peshawar, Pakistan. EPA

Mimoun Nadori tastes the water of the Moulouya River to check its salinity, in Nador, north of Morocco. Where the river once flowed from the mountains into the Mediterranean, it now sits stagnant, allowing seawater to creep inland and turning water from a source of life to a deadly poison. AP

Residents collect clean drinking water from a free distribution water tanker in Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru. EPA

Fred Imfeld dumps water into a bowl for his chickens, in Corning, California. The US state is notorious for droughts and water shortages. AP

Thousands of South Africans are lining up for water as the country's largest city, Johannesburg, confronts an unprecedented collapse of its water system affecting millions of people. AP

Mexico's pools of Poza de la Becerra. The 170 cactus-ringed pools contain important species of fish, snails, turtles, bacteria and unique living rock structures that offer important clues to life on Earth millions of years ago. Reuters

A vessel cruises over the river Main in Frankfurt, Germany. AP

Boats at Cardo Beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reuters

The polluted Dahisar River, passing through a residential district in Mumbai, India. EPA

A dried-up pond in Vietnam's southern Ben Tre province. A blazing month-long heatwave has brought drought, parching the land in the region. AFP

While costly, the technology promises competitive drinking water solutions and significant potential for water-stressed regions.

“Although it is not yet possible to solve the problem of low-cost water use in water-stressed regions, we remain optimistic about this technology," Dr Xiang said.