Ancient skull found in Iraq recreated as part of Netflix documentary

Archaeologists from Cambridge University and Liverpool John Moores discovered the skeleton 500 miles north of Baghdad

EMBARGOED TO 0001 THURSDAY MAY 2 Undated handout photo of the recreated head of Shanidar Z, made by the Kennis brothers for the Netflix documentary, Secrets of the Neanderthals based on 3D scans of the reconstructed skull. A 75,000-year-old Neanderthal skeleton found in the foothills of Iraq is believed to have been a woman aged in her mid-forties, according to researchers who pieced her skull back together. The skull of the skeleton, unearthed at the Shanidar Cave site 500 miles north of Baghdad and named Shanidar Z, has been recreated as part of a new Netflix documentary called Secrets Of The Neanderthals. Issue date: Thursday May 2, 2024. PA Photo. See PA story SCIENCE Neanderthal. Photo credit should read: BBC Studios/Jamie Simonds/PA Wire NOTE TO EDITORS: This handout photo may only be used in for editorial reporting purposes for the contemporaneous illustration of events, things or the people in the image or facts mentioned in the caption. Reuse of the picture may require further permission from the copyright holder.

The recreated head and reconstructed skull of Shanidar Z

Shanidar Z's reconstructed head in the lab at the University of Cambridge

A 75,000-year-old Neanderthal skeleton of a woman who died in her mid-forties has been discovered in the foothills of Iraq, according to researchers who pieced the skull back together.

Found at the Shanidar Cave site 500 miles north of Baghdad, the skull of the skeleton, named Shanidar Z, has been recreated as part of a new Netflix documentary called Secrets Of The Neanderthals.

The skull had been flattened to about 2cm thick when it was discovered by archaeologists from Cambridge University and Liverpool John Moores in 2018.

It had been crushed, possibly by rockfall soon after the death of the woman and then compacted further by tens of thousands of years of sediment.

More than 200 pieces of the skull were pieced together freehand.

Without pelvic bones, the team relied on sequencing tooth enamel proteins to determine the sex of the skeleton, believed to be a female who died in her mid-forties.

Teeth were also used to gauge her age through levels of wear and tear, with some front teeth worn to the root.

At about five feet tall, and with some of the smallest adult arm bones in the Neanderthal fossil record, her physique also implies a female.

Iraq archaeology – in pictures

An ancient structure at the endangered Umm Al Aqarib archaeological site in Iraq seen from the air. All photos: AFP

Archaeologist Aqeel Mansarawi at the ancient site in the southern Dhi Qar province, which he says is now under threat from sandstorms linked to climate change

Some of the walls at the site have stood for millennia

Babylonian treasures have been painstakingly unearthed over decades by archaeologists

But the structures are frequently reburied by sandstorms

The archaeology is also damaged by wind-blown sand in a land parched by rising heat and prolonged droughts

Mr Mansarawi inspects ancient masonry that is falling prey to the harsh conditions

Archaeological marvels that survived the ravages of war are again under threat

An ancient building that is disappearing into the sands

Mr Mansarawi searches for the remains of a building claimed by the desert sands

The team used a glue-like consolidant to strengthen the bones and surrounding sediment. They then removed Shanidar Z in dozens of small foil-wrapped blocks from under seven-and-a-half metres of soil and rock in the cave.

In the Cambridge lab, researchers took micro-CAT scans of each block before gradually diluting the glue and using the scans to guide the extraction of bone fragments.

“Each skull fragment is gently cleaned while glue and consolidant are re-added to stabilise the bone, which can be very soft, similar in consistency to a biscuit dunked in tea,” Dr Emma Pomeroy, a palaeoanthropologist from Cambridge’s Department of Archaeology, said.

“It’s like a high-stakes 3D jigsaw puzzle.

“A single block can take over a fortnight to process.”

The rebuilt skull was surface scanned and 3D-printed, forming the basis of a reconstructed head created by world-leading Paleo artists and identical twins Adrie and Alfons Kennis, who built up layers of fabricated muscle and skin to reveal a face.

The cave has also been home to remains of 10 other Neanderthal people excavated more than 60 years ago, with clumps of ancient pollen surrounding one of the skeletons.

Archaeologists had suggested the presence of pollen indicated that the dead were buried with flowers, but a study led by Professor Chris Hunt, of Liverpool John Moores University, now indicates the pollen was left by bees burrowing into the cave floor.

The archaeological site of Aqar Quf in Iraq – in pictures

The 3,000-year-old Babylonian-era ziggurat of Aqar Quf towers above the landscape in Abu Ghraib town, 30km west of Baghdad. All photos: EPA

The ziggurat, a pyramidal stepped temple tower, stands to a height of about 52m with a base measuring 69m by 67m

It was a temple for Enlil, the ancient Mesopotamian deity of the wind, air, earth and storms

It is currently an archaeological site of the ancient city of Dur Kurigalzu - or Fortress of Kurigalzu

The site was abandoned and looted following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein by the US military

Rain and standing groundwater, as well as the encroachment of modern construction, contribute to the deterioration of ziggurat and damage to the ruins

After being founded by the Kassite King Kurigalzu I in the 14th century BC, the city was controlled by the Assyrians and Elamites several times before being destroyed in the middle of the 11th century BC

The ziggurat at Aqar Quf

Further research since Shanidar Z was found has detected microscopic traces of charred food in the nearby soil.

These carbonised bits of wild seeds, nuts and grasses suggest not only that Neanderthals prepared food – soaking and pounding pulses – and then cooked it, but did so in the presence of their dead.

“The body of Shanidar Z was within arm’s reach of living individuals cooking with fire and eating,” said Dr Pomeroy.

“For these Neanderthals, there does not appear to be that clear separation between life and death.

“We can see that Neanderthals are coming back to one particular spot to bury their dead.

“This could be decades or even thousands of years apart.

“Is it just a coincidence, or is it intentional, and if so what brings them back?

“As an older female, Shanidar Z would have been a repository of knowledge for her group, and here we are 75,000 years later, learning from her still.”