The Indian government on Friday presented three bills to replace its criminal justice system based on British colonial-era legislation, overhauling laws relating to cases of sexual assault, crimes against children, lynching and crimes against the state.
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023, were introduced in the lower house of Parliament by Home Minister Amit Shah on the last day of the parliament's monsoon session.
"The laws that will be repealed, the focus of those laws was to protect and strengthen the British administration, the idea was to punish and not to give justice," Mr Shah said. "By replacing them, the new three laws will bring the spirit to protect the rights of the Indian citizen."
They will replace, respectively, the Indian Penal Code — the criminal code introduced by the British in 1862; the Code of Criminal Procedure, covering procedures for arrest, investigation and trial, which was been amended several times since it was introduced in 1882; and the Indian Evidence Act, which outlines evidence admissible in courts, introduced in 1872.
“The government considered it expedient and necessary to review the existing criminal laws with an aim to strengthen law and order and focus on simplifying legal procedures to ensure ease of living to the common man."
The bills will be sent to a parliamentary panel for further scrutiny before they are debated by the house.
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita bill proposes specific time frames for investigation, trial and pronouncement of judgments.
The government has proposed to add new offences related to secession, armed rebellion, subversive activities, separatist activities and endangering sovereignty or unity and integrity of India under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita.
Mr Shah said with cases of lynching increasing, the bill proposes punishments from seven years to life imprisonment and the death penalty.
The overhaul proposes to introduce community service as a punishment for lesser offences.
With the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, the government proposes to allow digital or electronic records as evidence, as well as the appearance of witnesses, defendants, experts and victims through electronic means.
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Sole survivors
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Electoral College Victory
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Popular Vote Tally
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Name: Carzaty
Founders: Marwan Chaar and Hassan Jaffar
Launched: 2017
Employees: 22
Based: Dubai and Muscat
Sector: Automobile retail
Funding to date: $5.5 million
A new relationship with the old country
Treaty of Friendship between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Arab Emirates
The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Arab Emirates; Considering that the United Arab Emirates has assumed full responsibility as a sovereign and independent State; Determined that the long-standing and traditional relations of close friendship and cooperation between their peoples shall continue; Desiring to give expression to this intention in the form of a Treaty Friendship; Have agreed as follows:
ARTICLE 1 The relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United Arab Emirates shall be governed by a spirit of close friendship. In recognition of this, the Contracting Parties, conscious of their common interest in the peace and stability of the region, shall: (a) consult together on matters of mutual concern in time of need; (b) settle all their disputes by peaceful means in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
ARTICLE 2 The Contracting Parties shall encourage education, scientific and cultural cooperation between the two States in accordance with arrangements to be agreed. Such arrangements shall cover among other things: (a) the promotion of mutual understanding of their respective cultures, civilisations and languages, the promotion of contacts among professional bodies, universities and cultural institutions; (c) the encouragement of technical, scientific and cultural exchanges.
ARTICLE 3 The Contracting Parties shall maintain the close relationship already existing between them in the field of trade and commerce. Representatives of the Contracting Parties shall meet from time to time to consider means by which such relations can be further developed and strengthened, including the possibility of concluding treaties or agreements on matters of mutual concern.
ARTICLE 4 This Treaty shall enter into force on today’s date and shall remain in force for a period of ten years. Unless twelve months before the expiry of the said period of ten years either Contracting Party shall have given notice to the other of its intention to terminate the Treaty, this Treaty shall remain in force thereafter until the expiry of twelve months from the date on which notice of such intention is given.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned have signed this Treaty.
DONE in duplicate at Dubai the second day of December 1971AD, corresponding to the fifteenth day of Shawwal 1391H, in the English and Arabic languages, both texts being equally authoritative.
Signed
Geoffrey Arthur Sheikh Zayed
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Taleb Alrefai,
HBKU Press
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Power: Combined output 920hp
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Tom Fletcher on 'soft power'
Strait of Hormuz
Fujairah is a crucial hub for fuel storage and is just outside the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping route linking Middle East oil producers to markets in Asia, Europe, North America and beyond.
The strait is 33 km wide at its narrowest point, but the shipping lane is just three km wide in either direction. Almost a fifth of oil consumed across the world passes through the strait.
Iran has repeatedly threatened to close the strait, a move that would risk inviting geopolitical and economic turmoil.
Last month, Iran issued a new warning that it would block the strait, if it was prevented from using the waterway following a US decision to end exemptions from sanctions for major Iranian oil importers.
