The long history of anti-Semitism and bigotry against Arabs

Lebanese and Arab tourists in the Lebanese mountain resort of Bhamdoun, southeast of Beirut, 29 August 2002. Many Arabs avoided Europe and the US that year due to security restrictions, imposed mainly on visitors from Arab countries, following the previous year's 9/11 attacks. AFPShow less

While there are differences, to be sure, between anti-Semitism and anti-Arab bigotry, the animus that has driven the hostility directed against both Arabs and Jews springs from the same source. It is a largely western phenomenon directed against two Semitic peoples, one which the West historically found living within its midst and which it saw as an internal threat, the other which it confronted as an external challenge, but which it similarly defined as a threat to its survival.

In some ways, these “anti-Semitisms” are no different than other racial or tribal conflicts. They are, however, more extensive and persistent in their violence and intensity. Both Jews and Arabs are demonised, with their organisations, wealth, even their corporate identities seen as damaging to the West. And the results have been devastating. Both groups have suffered a history of vilification and both have endured campaigns of systematic violence: Jews as victims of pogroms and the Holocaust, Arabs, first as victims of racist imperial conquest and later, when millions of Arabs emigrated to Europe, as victims of prejudice.

A decade ago, I did a study of political cartoons and other forms of popular culture, comparing the depiction of Jews in Tsarist Russia and pre-Nazi Germany with those of the Arabs in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. In both content and form the treatments given to each were identical. The two most prevalent German and Russian depiction of Jews paralleled the two most common images of the Arabs projected in US cartoons.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel speaks on July 20, 2019 at a ceremony to mark the 75th anniversary of the failed assassination attempt on of Adolf Hitler, led by Count Claus von Stauffenberg, at the Bendlerblock in Berlin, where Stauffenberg was executed in 1944. EPA

Participants of a vigil against anti-Semitism in front of the Synagogue in Kreuzberg, Berlin, Germany. EPA

The fat, grotesque Jewish banker or merchant found its counterpart in the obese oil sheikh, and the images of the Arab and Jewish terrorists differed only in their attire. Both groups were uniformly treated as alien and hostile. Both were accused of not sharing western values and were viewed as prone to conspiracy. They were both seen as usurpers and controllers of western wealth, using it to undermine the West. And both were portrayed as coveting western women. The bottom line: Arabs and Jews were defined as threats to western civilisation.

Despite the contradiction, Jews were portrayed as associated both with capitalist greed and with anarchist violence, socialism, and communism. Arab avarice was held responsible for runaway inflation in the West, and Arabs were seen as the main agents responsible for international terrorism. This was true long before 9/11 and the bigoted backlash against Arab immigrants in Europe.

Both communities face challenges that we can confront by first understanding each other’s vulnerability and pain

As we know from history, the systematic dehumanisation of both peoples ultimately led to terrible violence. In the past few centuries alone, millions of Jews lived in fear of the oppression and exclusion of being "other" that they endured in most western countries. All too often this led to outbreaks of violence directed against them as the "outsiders" who were routinely scapegoated for a host of problems, leading to the barbaric Nazi effort to completely exterminate them as a people.

Arabs, whose lands the West coveted, first for religious reasons and later for their economic and political strategic importance, were likewise victims during the past few centuries. Arab lands were conquered and colonised. Western powers divided up the region, holding in contempt the rights of those whom they would dispossess. Millions of Arabs died from war, squashed rebellions and enforced famines.

Given this shared history, it is ironic, if not profoundly tragic, that both groups, as they became locked in a struggle over Palestine, would fall prey to utilising and even propagating some of these same forms of negative stereotyping against one another. In this context, it has long been disturbing to me to hear some Arabs using anti-Semitic tropes to describe Jewish control of the media or government or banks.

Similarly, it is deeply unsettling to hear some Jews speaking or writing about violence, or irrational behaviour as if these were inherent Arab traits, or to hear major Jewish groups dismiss the Arab American community as a "petro-dollar created fiction" that only exists to attack Israel. Or for some groups to engage in "witch hunts" to expose Arab donors, when clearly doing the same to Jewish donors is, and ought to be, off limits.

More troubling was the systematic Israeli propaganda campaign to dehumanise and justify the violence against and dispossession of Palestinians. For decades, Palestinians were not seen as equal human beings. They were pawns on a board to be moved about to make way for Israel to live in freedom and security. Palestinians were expelled from their homes. Their villages were erased, and their rights ignored. At the root of all of this is racism – a belief that Palestinians are less human, more violent, and less deserving of rights.

The response to this must never be to repay in another bigotry. Arabs, and in this case Palestinians in particular, must never be demonised, stripped of their humanity, or collectively held responsible for actions of some Arab governments or groups. Similarly, Jews should never be demonised or collectively held responsible for the actions of Israel or even of some Jewish organisations.

The bottom line is to recognise that both of our communities face challenges that we can best confront by first understanding each other’s vulnerability and pain, and committing to never using learned or weaponised bigotry against each other.