As the early morning mist clears with the sunrise, a unique group of international practitioners of the ancient art of Mamluk archery gathers on a dune top overlooking scattered camel pens and small local farms. They have come from the UK, Turkey and as far away as Austin, Texas, to participate in this year's Mamluk Games, held at Al Kaber Stables, Umm Al Quwain.
The archery practised here today is an ancient form of the sport, with the heritage of the combat form that originated in the 11th century. Starting in 1171, most of the Mamluks under the Ayyubid Dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt were taken from the Turkic-Kipchaks of the Central Steppe. The Kipchaks, who already had a strong tradition of mounted combat and archery, contributed to the development of Mamluk archery in the medieval Near East, from where the style and traditions on show in the games were re-enacted in the first three-day Mamluk Games.
Mahmoud Qalyoubi, head coach for Mamluk Academy UAE and the host of the first Mamluk Games, explains the cultural relevance. "The Mamluks ruled out of Cairo, parts of North Africa and the western side of the Arabian Peninsula. Their influence was significant in developing this region from all aspects of life, specifically their knowledge of horseback archery. Today, we preserve this knowledge by carrying on the tradition."
The term "Mamluk", derived from Arabic, translates to "one who is owned", meaning "slave". It explicitly refers to non-Arab, ethnically diverse people who were enslaved mercenaries assigned to high-ranking military and administrative duties in service to the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world. They often attained high ranks and garnered wide respect for their skills within their communities.
Over time, they evolved into a powerful military knightly class in various Muslim societies under dynastic Arab rulers, particularly in Egypt and Syria, but also within the Ottoman Empire, the Levant, Mesopotamia and as far away as India.
Mahmoud said: "The present-day Mamluk Academy is headquartered in Ankara, Turkey, with multiple other clubs across the world. The idea of the first edition of the Mamluk Games is a competition to bring all the different clubs together to revive traditional historical archery disciplines within the region. This competition included challenges on the ground but focused highly on the horseback aspect of the tradition. Our participants represented their respective clubs from countries such as Germany, Turkey, UAE, UK and US."
The primary focus of the Mamluks' military prowess was their cavalry. The Arabic term "Furusiyya" refers to equestrianism, specifically military equestrianism. These talents were on show, with riders participating in various challenges involving a hand-made Mamluk-style recurve bow.
Targets are set on a course and each rider is timed throughout several runs to hit as many targets as accurately as possible.
"The uniqueness of the first Mamluk Games competition was that it combined both ground archery and horseback archery as opposed to one or the other," Mahmoud said. "Furthermore, all competition disciplines and tracks were true historical representations of how the Mamluks were training and testing the skills of their archers."
Though small, the three-day event brings the ancient arts back to a region that could have seen the original Mamluk warrior cross it many centuries ago. "I wouldn't call it a sport; it is a tradition," he said. "This tradition is being revived through various efforts across the globe. At Mamluk Academy, we are committed to passing the correct historical knowledge to our students to keep the flow of expertise running for generations to come."
