BEIRUT // ISIL is employing multiple tactics to subdue the Sunni tribes in Syria and Iraq under its rule, wooing some with gifts while brutally suppressing those that resist with mass killings.
The result is that the extremists face little immediate threat of an uprising by the tribes, which are traditionally the most powerful social institution in the large areas of eastern Syria and northern and western Iraq controlled by the group. Any US drive to try to turn tribesmen against the militants, as the Americans did with Sunnis during the Iraq war, faces an uphill battle.
Some tribes in Syria and Iraq already oppose ISIL. The Shammar tribe, which spans the countries’ border, has fought alongside Kurdish forces against the extremists in Iraq. The US and Iraqi governments have proposed creating a national guard programme that would arm and pay tribesmen to fight, though the effort has yet to get off the ground.
But in Syria in particular, tribes have no outside patron to bankroll or arm them to take on IS, leaving them with few options other than to bend to ISIL domination or flee.
“There are people who want to go back and fight them,” said Hassan Hassan, an analyst with the Delma Institute in Abu Dhabi and columnist for The National. “But the circumstances now mean that you can’t provoke ISIS because the strategy they’ve followed and tactics are to prevent any revolt from inside.”
The rulers of the self-styled caliphate have mastered techniques of divide and rule. Tribes are powerful institutions that command the loyalty of their members across the largely desert regions of Syria and Iraq. But they are also far from cohesive. Large tribes are divided up into smaller sub-tribes and clans that can be pitted against each other. Such divisions also emerge on their own, often in connection to control over local resources like oil wells or land.
Also, the ISIL itself has roots in the tribes. Though hundreds of foreign fighters have flocked to join the group, most of its leaders and foot soldiers are Iraqis and Syrians — and often belong to tribes.
In eastern Syria’s Deir El Zour province the Ogeidat is one of the largest tribes. One of its major clans, the Bu Jamel, has been a staunch opponent of the extremists. Another, the Bakir, long ago allied itself to the group.
ISIL operatives use threats or offers of money or fuel to win public pledges of loyalty from senior tribal sheikhs. The group has also wooed younger tribesmen with economic enticements and promises of positions within ISIL, undermining the traditional power structure of the tribe.
“They offer many sweeteners,” said Abu Ali Al Badie, a tribal leader from the central city of Palmyra in Syria’s Homs province. “They go to the tribes and say, ‘Why are you fighting against Muslims? We’ll give you weapons and cars and guns, and we’ll fight together.”’
“They offer diesel and fuel. They bring barley and animal feed from Iraq,” he said. “They build wells at their own expense for the tribes and they say, ‘Others have neglected your needs.”’
In Syria, ISIL has won the acceptance of many tribesmen in Raqqa and Deir El Zour provinces by ending chaos that reigned when the areas were controlled by a patchwork of rebel warlords. ISIL provides services including electricity, fuel, water and telephone lines, as well as flour for bakeries, said Haian Dukhan, a researcher at the University of St Andrews Centre for Syrian Studies.
“Things have started to become stable to a degree, and this is something that people were really desperate about,” said Mr Dukhan.
The group has “tribal affairs” officials to handle relations with the tribes, calibrating its style to local dynamics. Often they will allow loyal tribesmen to run their communities’ services, said Mr Hassan.
The group also has removed its own commanders who caused tension with tribes in their areas. The idea, Mr Hassan said, is “to remove some of the toxins.”
At the same time, the group sends a clear message to those who resist.
In August, ISIL militants shot and beheaded hundreds of members of the Shueitat tribe in eastern Syria. Activists reported death tolls ranging from 200 to 700. Photographs in ISIL’s English-language “Dabiq” magazine showed black-clad fighters shooting prisoners said to be Shueitat, lined up on the sandy ground.
In Iraq, ISIL killed more than 200 men, women and children from the Al Bu Nimr tribe in Anbar province, apparently in revenge for the tribe’s siding with security forces and, in the past, with American troops. It has also shot dead several men from the Al Bu Fahd tribe.
“Everyone is hiding or fled. They will chop us in pieces if they see us,” said Sheikh Naim Al Gaoud, a leader in the Al Bu Nimr. “They want us to support them and to join their fight. In return, they say they will let us live in peace.”
As a result, Mr Dukhan says there’s little chance for a revolt unless tribes are confident the extremists are losing.
“I think that for the time being, seeing a large-scale uprising against IS is just a fantasy.”
*Associated Press
