Consumer prices in US show biggest advance in nearly nine years

Economists still expect a short period of higher inflation

People walk past a New York souvenir store in midtown Manhattan in New York City. AFP

US consumer prices climbed in March by the most in nearly nine years as the end of pandemic lockdowns triggered a rebound in travel and commuting that pushed up the cost of petrol, car rentals and hotel stays.

The consumer price index increased 0.6 per cent from the previous month after a 0.4 per cent gain in February, according to Labour Department data released on Tuesday. The jump in the cost of petrol accounted for almost half the overall March advance.

Excluding volatile food and energy components, the so-called core CPI increased 0.3 per cent from February, the most in seven months. Costs of both goods and services rose last month.

The annual inflation figure surged to 2.6 per cent, a figure that was distorted by a pandemic-related decline in prices in March 2020. That effect will begin to fade within several months, helping explain why Federal Reserve policymakers see current price pressures as temporary rather than something more dangerous to the economy.

The core measure rose 1.6 per cent from 12 months ago. Prior to the pandemic, the annual core inflation metric was running north of 2 per cent.

Investors shrugged off the price data – stocks were mixed and bonds little changed – focusing instead on news that US health officials called for a pause on the use of Johnson & Johnson's Covid-19 vaccination because of blood clot concerns.

“It was a bit stronger than the official consensus expectations, but it was lower than some people were worried about,” Matt Maley, chief market strategist for Miller Tabak + Co, said about the CPI report. When combined with the Johnson & Johnson news, “it means that the Fed can probably continue to provide plenty of stimulus going forward.”

Still, the latest figures on consumer prices add fuel to an already heated debate about the path of inflation in the US, especially on the heels of last week’s Labour Department data showing a stronger-than-expected surge in producer prices.

Some analysts and economists argue a wave of pent-up demand paired with trillions of dollars in government spending will spur a sustained upward movement in inflation. Bloomberg’s latest monthly survey shows economists continuing to ratchet up growth forecasts.

Amid supply chain bottlenecks, supply shortages and surging input costs, producers are already feeling the pinch of rising costs.

While not all cost increases will be pushed through to consumers – given a variety of different measures firms can take to offset costs – sustained pressures in the production pipeline raise the risk of an acceleration in consumer inflation.

Recent survey data highlighted developing cost pressures. The Institute for Supply Management’s latest figures showed more than half of service providers reported paying higher prices in March, the largest share since 2011. The institute's manufacturing survey showed about 72 per cent of manufacturers said the same – the second-highest figure since 2008.

Recently, some company executives have mentioned plans to raise prices for their products.

The Labour Department’s data showed shelter costs, which make up about a third of the overall CPI, increased 0.3 per cent in March. That was the biggest monthly gain since February 2020 and reflected a surge in the cost of lodging at hotels that was the biggest since 1991. Airfares also increased.

The pick-up in inflation translates into less take-home pay for American workers. A separate report Tuesday showed inflation-adjusted hourly earnings increased 1.5 per cent in March from a year earlier, the smallest gain in more than a year.

Goods prices rose 4.1 per cent in March from year ago, services up 1.8 per cent.

Car and lorry rental prices rose 11.7 per cent from a month earlier, the most since June, while year-over-year increase was the largest on record.

Food prices climbed 0.1 per cent from a month earlier, while energy costs jumped 5 per cent in the biggest gain since September 2017.