Russia's population declined by more than one million people in 2021, the statistics agency Rosstat reported on Friday, a historic drop not seen since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Continued demographic woes have been exacerbated by the pandemic, with Rosstat figures showing more than 660,000 people had died due to coronavirus since health officials recorded the first case in the country.
The new figures continue a downwards trend from the previous year when Russia's population fell by more than half a million.
The Covid-related fatalities figures published monthly by Rosstat are far higher than death figures released by a separate government website, which is dedicated to tracking the pandemic in the country.
Those government website figures only take into account fatalities in which the virus was established as the primary cause of death after a postmortem and shows only 329,443 total fatalities.
The discrepancy has fed into criticism that the Russian government has been playing down the severity of the pandemic in one of the countries worst hit by the pandemic.
Russia has struggled to curb the pandemic due to a slow vaccination rate coupled with limited restrictive measures and rampant non-compliance with mask-wearing in public places.
The pandemic death toll exacerbates the demographic crisis, linked to low birth rates and short life expectancy that Russia has faced for the past 30 years.
The generation now becoming parents was born in the 1990s, when the birth rate plunged due to economic uncertainties after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The number of births per woman stands at about 1.5, well short of the minimum of 2.1 necessary to renew the population.
Russia's shrinking population has been at the top of President Vladimir Putin's domestic agenda since he came to power more than two decades ago.
In addresses to the nation, Mr Putin frequently encourages Russians to have more children and live a healthier lifestyle to improve life expectancy.
The government has introduced a number of financial incentives for parents with more than one child, such as cash bonuses and favourable mortgage rates.
During his annual press conference last December, Mr Putin stressed that 146 million people are not enough for the country from a “geopolitical standpoint” and that the human capital shortage could cause labour shortages.
He added that it is important to show that it is a “joy to have children” and that there is “no greater happiness in life and in the world".
“The demographic crisis is definitely a failure of the state's policies,” said Sergei Zakharov, a demography expert at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow.
He told AFP that measures to increase the birth rate encourage families to have children earlier but do not change how many children they want in total.
He said the government's influence on birth rates is “limited” and shifting births to an earlier period will result in a “demographic gap” in the future.
For Stepan Goncharov of the independent Levada Centre pollster, the low birth rate is connected to widespread “uncertainty about the future".
Living standards in Russia have continuously deteriorated since 2014, with the economy strained by repeated western sanctions, dependence on the oil and gas sector and widespread corruption.
“People haven't stopped buying and their income and savings have reduced,” Mr Goncharov said.
Last year's survey by recruitment website SuperJob showed that 43 per cent of Russians do not have any savings.
“People are not setting money aside and are not planning the future of the family,” Mr Goncharov added.
