<span>"H</span><span>e was very sick, but who knew there was something so terrible going around?" a Chinese nurse told</span><span> </span><span><em>The New York Times</em></span><span> back in 2003, referring to the Sars outbreak that was to kill</span><span> more than </span><span>774</span><span> people that year.</span> <span>Who knew?</span><span><em> </em></span><span>This is the question at the core of effective public health crisis response, when containing a virus where it starts and informing the public is the best action against it spreading further.</span> <span>Within the span of less than 20 years, the world has learn</span><span>t powerful lessons from the 2002 to 2004 the Sars outbreak in </span><span>southern China and the devastating 2014 to 2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. </span> <span>Now a new strain of virus, previously unknown to scientists, has spread across China in recent weeks, as well as to Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Thailand. </span> <span>So far, the strain has killed four people and 218 cases have been</span><span> identified, but the true number is thought to be higher.</span> <span>As another coronavirus grabs headlines, there are several reasons to take heart</span><span>. Today, information travels exponentially faster and with broader reach than an infectious disease can. </span> <span>Since confronting Ebola, the </span><span>World Health Organi</span><span>sation </span><span>has developed "revolutionary" rapid diagnostics and a blueprint for research and development to find cures more quickly</span><span>. Major transit points, such as airports and ports, are also working to improve illness detection dragnets.</span> <span>Since 2016, the WHO, the UN agency working to improve</span><span> global health</span><span>, has begun rapid starts to </span><span>research and development activities during epidemics. For example, in the Democratic Republic of </span><span>Congo the work of the new R&D team known as "Blueprint" enabled the fast-tracking of effective tests, vaccines and medicines as part of the Ebola response in 2016, </span><span>the agency said. During that time, it also automated</span><span> testing for new Ebola cases using a small diagnostic platform called GeneXpert.</span> <span>"It's revolutionary," </span><span>said Pierre Formenty, part of the viral and haemorrhagic fever team </span><span>in WHO's health emergency programme</span><span>. "The first and only manual step is for a trained and skilled lab worker to inactivate the sample in a biosafe glove box, which renders it safe to be tested. The sample is then inserted into a cartridge and the rest is automated. A diagnosis can be made in hours," he said this year. While airports currently rely on thermal and infrared cameras to detect the surface temperature of travellers and – with mixed results – identify those with a virus, a team in Leipzig, Germany, has been working for </span><span>several years to invent a cheap diagnostic tool to test passengers before they board a plane for viruses or respiratory or bacterial infections.</span> <span>Dr Dirk Kuhlmeier</span><span> and his colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Immunology and Therapy use a technology already in use by airport security to detect drugs and explosives by swabbing luggage or clothing.</span> <span>The team is working to develop a system that will do the same but instead will detect different bacteria in human breath and also determine whether </span><span>bacteria has become drug resistant.</span> <span>Drug resistance is among the largest global health threats, </span><span>the UN says, and the pipeline of new antibiotics coming to the market is drying up. It is</span><span> an area in desperate need of innovation.</span> <span>"Never has the threat of antimicrobial resistance been more immediate and</span><span> the need for solutions more urgent," said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director</span><span> general of the WHO. </span> <span>“Numerous initiatives are under way to reduce resistance, but we also need countries and the pharmaceutical industry to step up and contribute with sustainable funding and innovative new medicines.”</span>