Why is it that the current British government finds it so difficult to maintain a constructive relationship with Egypt?
The question seems particularly pertinent in the week that Egyptian president Abdel Fattah El Sisi, during a visit to Abu Dhabi, reiterated his personal commitment to maintaining close ties with the United Arab Emirates. In stark contrast, the future of Egypt's relationship with Britain, a country once considered a reliable ally, today appears far more problematic.
There have been many challenging moments during the long, and sometimes undistinguished, history of Britain's centuries-old relationship with the country, not least during the 1956 Suez Crisis, when London participated in the disastrous military operation to seize control of the Suez Canal and remove the then Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.
No one is comparing the current diplomatic tensions between London and Cairo with those tumultuous events. But the more recent history of Britain’s engagement with Egypt and the surrounding region can hardly be said to have covered Britain’s policy-making establishment in glory.
To my mind, the tensions date back to the time when then British prime minister David Cameron called for the removal of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in 2011 who, until anti-government protests began in Tahrir Square as part of the so-called Arab Spring, had been a staunch and loyal ally of Britain for decades.
Mr Mubarak committed Egyptian troops to fight alongside their British counterparts during the US-led military campaign in 1991 to liberate Kuwait from Saddam Hussein and, after the September 11 attacks, played an equally vital role in seeking to tackle Islamist terror groups such as Al Qaeda.
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But that did not stop Mr Cameron and his Conservative colleagues from adding their voices to the clamour led by US president Barack Obama for Mr Mubarak to stand aside, while giving little if any consideration of the likely consequences for Egypt if the president agreed to stand down.
The result was that Egypt soon found itself subjugated to the tyrannical rule of the Muslim Brotherhood, whose government immediately set about harassing its subjects while at the same time reducing the Egyptian economy to a state of abject penury.
As if this were not bad enough, within weeks of securing Mr Mubarak's removal, Mr Cameron then launched a military campaign to remove Libya's Muammar Qaddafi from power, again without having the faintest clue as to what system of governance might replace the Qaddafi clan.
I feel it is important to revisit Britain’s role in these recent turbulent events because they seem to have a direct bearing on the current, rather fractious, state of relations between London and Cairo.
Visiting the Egyptian capital this week, I have been struck by the number of senior officials who, to put it mildly, have expressed exasperation at what they regard as Britain’s lack of concern regarding the difficulties they face.
By far the biggest challenge facing the Egyptian government today is the economic crisis, which has resulted in a 40 per cent rise in the cost of basic foodstuffs, while a staggering 35 per cent of the population are estimated to be on the breadline earning between $2 to $3 per day.
A few years ago such economic challenges would have been sufficient to get the crowds back on the streets demanding radical reform, but it is a testimony to the Muslim Brotherhood’s dire rule that no one in Egypt wants to see a return to the bad old days of public insurrection.
Instead they want the government to embark on a period of economic growth that will generate prosperity, thereby lifting millions out of poverty.
And yet, at a time when economic growth is central to the Sisi government's attempts to stabilise the country after the Brotherhood-inspired tumult of recent years, how does the British government respond? By continuing to maintain its ban on all flights to Sharm El Sheikh - the only European country apart from Russia to do so - on the spurious grounds the popular resort still poses a security threat to British holidaymakers.
Consequently thousands of Egyptian workers have lost their jobs, scores of hotels have been forced to close and the Egyptian economy has lost around $12 billion in badly needed income.
The curiosity concerning the British government's refusal to lift the ban, which was imposed two years ago after a terror attack destroyed a Russian charter jet over Sinai shortly after take-off from Sharm El Sheikh, with the loss of 224 lives, is that the Egyptian authorities have undertaken a complete overhaul of the resort's security arrangements, to the extent that British officials have declared the airport as one of the safest in the region. Despite this, as well as a recommendation from British foreign secretary Boris Johnson that the ban be lifted, Downing Street still refuses to remove the restrictions on the grounds it is still not reassured by the security arrangements.
Nor is this the only area where British policy undermines its relationship with Cairo. London's disinclination to act against the Muslim Brotherhood's operations in the UK is another source of frustration in Cairo, as is Britain's ambivalent attitude towards Qatar, the Brotherhood's main sponsor.
In short, while Britain continues to insist that Egypt is an important regional ally, the government’s policies suggest otherwise, leaving many Egyptians to ponder that Britain is not serious about having a strong and constructive relationship with Cairo.
Con Coughlin is the Telegraph’s defence and foreign affairs editor
A list of the animal rescue organisations in the UAE
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Joker: Folie a Deux
Starring: Joaquin Phoenix, Lady Gaga, Brendan Gleeson
Director: Todd Phillips
Rating: 2/5
Jigra
Starring: Alia Bhatt, Vedang Raina, Manoj Pahwa, Harsh Singh
APPLE IPAD MINI (A17 PRO)
Display: 21cm Liquid Retina Display, 2266 x 1488, 326ppi, 500 nits
Chip: Apple A17 Pro, 6-core CPU, 5-core GPU, 16-core Neural Engine
Storage: 128/256/512GB
Main camera: 12MP wide, f/1.8, digital zoom up to 5x, Smart HDR 4
Front camera: 12MP ultra-wide, f/2.4, Smart HDR 4, full-HD @ 25/30/60fps
Biometrics: Touch ID, Face ID
Colours: Blue, purple, space grey, starlight
In the box: iPad mini, USB-C cable, 20W USB-C power adapter
Price: From Dh2,099
The biog
Name: Dhabia Khalifa AlQubaisi
Age: 23
How she spends spare time: Playing with cats at the clinic and feeding them
Inspiration: My father. He’s a hard working man who has been through a lot to provide us with everything we need
Favourite book: Attitude, emotions and the psychology of cats by Dr Nicholes Dodman
Favourit film: 101 Dalmatians - it remind me of my childhood and began my love of dogs
Word of advice: By being patient, good things will come and by staying positive you’ll have the will to continue to love what you're doing
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Almnssa
Started: August 2020
Founder: Areej Selmi
Based: Gaza
Sectors: Internet, e-commerce
Investments: Grants/private funding
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Thank You for Banking with Us
Director: Laila Abbas
Starring: Yasmine Al Massri, Clara Khoury, Kamel El Basha, Ashraf Barhoum
Rating: 4/5
CONCRETE COWBOY
Directed by: Ricky Staub
Starring: Idris Elba, Caleb McLaughlin, Jharrel Jerome
3.5/5 stars
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COMPANY PROFILE
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Total funding: Self funded
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THE BIO
Favourite place to go to in the UAE: The desert sand dunes, just after some rain
Who inspires you: Anybody with new and smart ideas, challenging questions, an open mind and a positive attitude
Where would you like to retire: Most probably in my home country, Hungary, but with frequent returns to the UAE
Favorite book: A book by Transilvanian author, Albert Wass, entitled ‘Sword and Reap’ (Kard es Kasza) - not really known internationally
Favourite subjects in school: Mathematics and science
Zodi%20%26%20Tehu%3A%20Princes%20Of%20The%20Desert
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LA LIGA FIXTURES
Friday Athletic Bilbao v Celta Vigo (Kick-off midnight UAE)
Saturday Levante v Getafe (5pm), Sevilla v Real Madrid (7.15pm), Atletico Madrid v Real Valladolid (9.30pm), Cadiz v Barcelona (midnight)
Sunday Granada v Huesca (5pm), Osasuna v Real Betis (7.15pm), Villarreal v Elche (9.30pm), Alaves v Real Sociedad (midnight)
Monday Eibar v Valencia (midnight)
Why it pays to compare
A comparison of sending Dh20,000 from the UAE using two different routes at the same time - the first direct from a UAE bank to a bank in Germany, and the second from the same UAE bank via an online platform to Germany - found key differences in cost and speed. The transfers were both initiated on January 30.
Route 1: bank transfer
The UAE bank charged Dh152.25 for the Dh20,000 transfer. On top of that, their exchange rate margin added a difference of around Dh415, compared with the mid-market rate.
Total cost: Dh567.25 - around 2.9 per cent of the total amount
Total received: €4,670.30
Route 2: online platform
The UAE bank’s charge for sending Dh20,000 to a UK dirham-denominated account was Dh2.10. The exchange rate margin cost was Dh60, plus a Dh12 fee.
Total cost: Dh74.10, around 0.4 per cent of the transaction
Total received: €4,756
The UAE bank transfer was far quicker – around two to three working days, while the online platform took around four to five days, but was considerably cheaper. In the online platform transfer, the funds were also exposed to currency risk during the period it took for them to arrive.
What is graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged like honeycomb.
It was discovered in 2004, when Russian-born Manchester scientists Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov were "playing about" with sticky tape and graphite - the material used as "lead" in pencils.
Placing the tape on the graphite and peeling it, they managed to rip off thin flakes of carbon. In the beginning they got flakes consisting of many layers of graphene. But as they repeated the process many times, the flakes got thinner.
By separating the graphite fragments repeatedly, they managed to create flakes that were just one atom thick. Their experiment had led to graphene being isolated for the very first time.
At the time, many believed it was impossible for such thin crystalline materials to be stable. But examined under a microscope, the material remained stable, and when tested was found to have incredible properties.
It is many times times stronger than steel, yet incredibly lightweight and flexible. It is electrically and thermally conductive but also transparent. The world's first 2D material, it is one million times thinner than the diameter of a single human hair.
But the 'sticky tape' method would not work on an industrial scale. Since then, scientists have been working on manufacturing graphene, to make use of its incredible properties.
In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Their discovery meant physicists could study a new class of two-dimensional materials with unique properties.
Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
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Results
Male 51kg Round 1
Dias Karmanov (KAZ) beat Mabrook Rasea (YEM) by points 2-1.
Male 54kg Round 1
Yelaman Sayassatov (KAZ) beat Chen Huang (TPE) TKO Round 1; Huynh Hoang Phi (VIE) beat Fahad Anakkayi (IND) RSC Round 2; Qais Al Jamal (JOR) beat Man Long Ng (MAC) by points 3-0; Ayad Albadr (IRQ) beat Yashar Yazdani (IRI) by points 2-1.
Male 57kg Round 1
Natthawat Suzikong (THA) beat Abdallah Ondash (LBN) by points 3-0; Almaz Sarsembekov (KAZ) beat Ahmed Al Jubainawi (IRQ) by points 2-1; Hamed Almatari (YEM) beat Nasser Al Rugheeb (KUW) by points 3-0; Zakaria El Jamari (UAE) beat Yu Xi Chen (TPE) by points 3-0.
Men 86kg Round 1
Ahmad Bahman (UAE) beat Mohammad Al Khatib (PAL) by points 2-1
Men 63.5kg Round 1
Noureddin Samir (UAE) beat Polash Chakma (BAN) RSC Round 1.
Female 45kg quarter finals
Narges Mohammadpour (IRI) beat Yuen Wai Chan (HKG) by points.
Female 48kg quarter finals
Szi Ki Wong (HKG) beat Dimple Vaishnav (IND) RSC round 2; Thanawan Thongduang (THA) beat Nastaran Soori (IRI) by points; Shabnam Hussain Zada (AFG) beat Tzu Ching Lin (TPE) by points.
Female 57kg quarter finals
Nguyen Thi Nguyet (VIE) beat Anisha Shetty (IND) by points 2-1; Areeya Sahot (THA) beat Dana Al Mayyal (KUW) RSC Round 1; Sara Idriss (LBN) beat Ching Yee Tsang (HKG) by points 3-0.