When companies or governments face a squeeze on revenues, they may be forced to slash labour costs.
Traditionally, employers tend to favour downsizing their labour force, rather than decreasing compensation. This principle was adopted by the Bahrain government in October whereby, in response to fiscal pressure, instead of cutting wages in the public sector it launched a voluntary retirement scheme that it hoped would be adopted by a large number of public sector workers. The main reason was the desire to maintain the living standards of Bahraini citizens. However, company managers often avoid wage cuts at all costs, suggesting that some principles of managerial economics may have also played a role in the Bahrain government's decision.
There are two reasons why employers avoid wage cuts. The first is that they may lead to losing the best workers in the company. In large organisations, there is limited scope for allowing different workers to earn different wages, as pay tables rigidly govern compensation. This means that there will be a group of workers earning approximately equal wages but who are quite diverse in their actual productivity - a common occurrence in the government sector in Middle East countries where seniority can matter more than productivity in determining promotions and pay raises.
Under such circumstances, wage cuts may convince high quality workers to aggressively look for alternative employment. This makes layoffs significantly more attractive, since the managers can handpick their weakest employees for dismissal.
The second reason why employers are reluctant to cut wages is the effect on the productivity of workers who do remain with the organisation. If they feel wronged, they may reciprocate by exerting less effort. This may not even be a conscious decision; workers might work less diligently as an unconscious result of lower morale rather than an overt act of retribution.
Again, under such circumstances, layoffs may be preferable, since the affected workers are no longer in a position to take revenge, while the workers retained suffer no financial loss; in fact, they may even tacitly feel grateful that they were among the lucky workers to retain their jobs.
This specific argument was originally made by George Akerlof in 1982, an economist who went on to win the Nobel prize, although for a different contribution. It was the basis of his claim that the importance of interpersonal relations to workplace productivity would exacerbate unemployment at the level of the economy, as employers would favour layoffs over wage cuts. He developed this line of research over the 1990s with his co-author, Janet Yellen, who went on to become the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank in the US during Barrack Obama’s second term, before Donald Trump replaced her during his first term.
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One mediating factor that relates to this second mechanism is the ability of employers to objectively and transparently measure the effort exerted by workers. When effort is hard to measure, such as in many government jobs, including the police, judges, and clerical workers, then employers will be particularly fearful of covert retribution by their workers as they have no way of holding them accountable for shirking. In contrast, when effort and productivity are easy to gauge, such as in sales positions or for professional athletes, employers do not fear retribution so much as their employment contracts can specify the desired effort/productivity and the punishment for shirking.
A recent paper by Jason Sandvik and Nathan Seegert (University of Utah, US), Richard Eli (Michigan State University, US) and Christopher Stanton (Harvard University, US) investigated these hypotheses by closely following a firm over several years, including the period before and after an unexpected pay cut.
They find that in the company being studied, the decrease in compensation - brought about by a decrease in sales commission - resulted in a significant decline in the company’s productivity (4 per cent). They also found that the reason was increased turnover among high quality workers, who were 50 per cent more likely to leave the company in the months following the pay cut. In contrast, most of the low-productivity workers exhibited no change in their propensity to leave the firm. Crucially, due to the ease of measuring workers’ output, the company’s performance was not affected by any decrease in effort as workers would have feared punishment for such acts.
Forced layoffs are politically unpopular and Bahrain's offer of early voluntary retirement was a worthwhile move from the perspective of the government even though some high-quality workers might leave.
Moreover, if the good-quality public sector workers retiring early go on to gainful employment in the private sector, then that is a welcome outcome consistent with the country’s economic vision, which targets transforming the private sector into the employer of choice for its labour force. One of the historic challenges faced by private sector employers in Bahrain has been the difficulty of attracting top talent due to the availability of comfortable, high-paying jobs in the public sector.
Seeing an elite civil servant retire early and use their extensive experience to open a private consultancy, for example, would be an excellent outcome, especially if they hire Bahrainis as support staff.
Omar Al-Ubaydli (@omareconomics) is a researcher at Derasat, Bahrain
COMPANY PROFILE
Company: Eco Way
Started: December 2023
Founder: Ivan Kroshnyi
Based: Dubai, UAE
Industry: Electric vehicles
Investors: Bootstrapped with undisclosed funding. Looking to raise funds from outside
HWJN
Director: Yasir Alyasiri
Starring: Baraa Alem, Nour Alkhadra, Alanoud Saud
Rating: 3/5
DEADPOOL & WOLVERINE
Starring: Ryan Reynolds, Hugh Jackman, Emma Corrin
Director: Shawn Levy
Rating: 3/5
The specs
Engine: 6-cylinder, 4.8-litre
Transmission: 5-speed automatic and manual
Power: 280 brake horsepower
Torque: 451Nm
Price: from Dh153,00
On sale: now
The drill
Recharge as needed, says Mat Dryden: “We try to make it a rule that every two to three months, even if it’s for four days, we get away, get some time together, recharge, refresh.” The couple take an hour a day to check into their businesses and that’s it.
Stick to the schedule, says Mike Addo: “We have an entire wall known as ‘The Lab,’ covered with colour-coded Post-it notes dedicated to our joint weekly planner, content board, marketing strategy, trends, ideas and upcoming meetings.”
Be a team, suggests Addo: “When training together, you have to trust in each other’s abilities. Otherwise working out together very quickly becomes one person training the other.”
Pull your weight, says Thuymi Do: “To do what we do, there definitely can be no lazy member of the team.”
How to join and use Abu Dhabi’s public libraries
• There are six libraries in Abu Dhabi emirate run by the Department of Culture and Tourism, including one in Al Ain and Al Dhafra.
• Libraries are free to visit and visitors can consult books, use online resources and study there. Most are open from 8am to 8pm on weekdays, closed on Fridays and have variable hours on Saturdays, except for Qasr Al Watan which is open from 10am to 8pm every day.
• In order to borrow books, visitors must join the service by providing a passport photograph, Emirates ID and a refundable deposit of Dh400. Members can borrow five books for three weeks, all of which are renewable up to two times online.
• If users do not wish to pay the fee, they can still use the library’s electronic resources for free by simply registering on the website. Once registered, a username and password is provided, allowing remote access.
• For more information visit the library network's website.
In-demand jobs and monthly salaries
- Technology expert in robotics and automation: Dh20,000 to Dh40,000
- Energy engineer: Dh25,000 to Dh30,000
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The specs
Engine: 3.8-litre twin-turbo flat-six
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The specs: 2018 Chevrolet Trailblazer
Price, base / as tested Dh99,000 / Dh132,000
Engine 3.6L V6
Transmission: Six-speed automatic
Power 275hp @ 6,000rpm
Torque 350Nm @ 3,700rpm
Fuel economy combined 12.2L / 100km
TWISTERS
Director:+Lee+Isaac+Chung
Starring:+Glen+Powell,+Daisy+Edgar-Jones,+Anthony+Ramos
Rating:+2.5/5
ROUTE TO TITLE
Round 1: Beat Leolia Jeanjean 6-1, 6-2
Round 2: Beat Naomi Osaka 7-6, 1-6, 7-5
Round 3: Beat Marie Bouzkova 6-4, 6-2
Round 4: Beat Anastasia Potapova 6-0, 6-0
Quarter-final: Beat Marketa Vondrousova 6-0, 6-2
Semi-final: Beat Coco Gauff 6-2, 6-4
Final: Beat Jasmine Paolini 6-2, 6-2
Naga
Director: Meshal Al Jaser
Starring: Adwa Bader, Yazeed Almajyul, Khalid Bin Shaddad
Rating: 4/5
Company profile
Company name: Fasset
Started: 2019
Founders: Mohammad Raafi Hossain, Daniel Ahmed
Based: Dubai
Sector: FinTech
Initial investment: $2.45 million
Current number of staff: 86
Investment stage: Pre-series B
Investors: Investcorp, Liberty City Ventures, Fatima Gobi Ventures, Primal Capital, Wealthwell Ventures, FHS Capital, VN2 Capital, local family offices
Our family matters legal consultant
Name: Hassan Mohsen Elhais
Position: legal consultant with Al Rowaad Advocates and Legal Consultants.
The five pillars of Islam
MATCH INFO
Manchester United v Everton
Where: Old Trafford, Manchester
When: Sunday, kick-off 7pm (UAE)
How to watch: Live on BeIN Sports 11HD
MATCH INFO
Quarter-finals
Saturday (all times UAE)
England v Australia, 11.15am
New Zealand v Ireland, 2.15pm
Sunday
Wales v France, 11.15am
Japan v South Africa, 2.15pm
HER FIRST PALESTINIAN
Author: Saeed Teebi
Pages: 256
Publisher: House of Anansi Press
2.0
Director: S Shankar
Producer: Lyca Productions; presented by Dharma Films
Cast: Rajnikanth, Akshay Kumar, Amy Jackson, Sudhanshu Pandey
Rating: 3.5/5 stars
Alan Wake Remastered
Developer: Remedy Entertainment
Publisher: Microsoft Game Studios
Consoles: PlayStation 4 & 5, Xbox: 360 & One & Series X/S and Nintendo Switch
Rating: 4/5
Look Both Ways
Director: Wanuri Kahiu
Stars: Lili Reinhart, Danny Ramirez, David Corenswet, Luke Wilson, Nia Long
Rating: 3/5
5 of the most-popular Airbnb locations in Dubai
Bobby Grudziecki, chief operating officer of Frank Porter, identifies the five most popular areas in Dubai for those looking to make the most out of their properties and the rates owners can secure:
• Dubai Marina
The Marina and Jumeirah Beach Residence are popular locations, says Mr Grudziecki, due to their closeness to the beach, restaurants and hotels.
Frank Porter’s average Airbnb rent:
One bedroom: Dh482 to Dh739
Two bedroom: Dh627 to Dh960
Three bedroom: Dh721 to Dh1,104
• Downtown
Within walking distance of the Dubai Mall, Burj Khalifa and the famous fountains, this location combines business and leisure. “Sure it’s for tourists,” says Mr Grudziecki. “Though Downtown [still caters to business people] because it’s close to Dubai International Financial Centre."
Frank Porter’s average Airbnb rent:
One bedroom: Dh497 to Dh772
Two bedroom: Dh646 to Dh1,003
Three bedroom: Dh743 to Dh1,154
• City Walk
The rising star of the Dubai property market, this area is lined with pristine sidewalks, boutiques and cafes and close to the new entertainment venue Coca Cola Arena. “Downtown and Marina are pretty much the same prices,” Mr Grudziecki says, “but City Walk is higher.”
Frank Porter’s average Airbnb rent:
One bedroom: Dh524 to Dh809
Two bedroom: Dh682 to Dh1,052
Three bedroom: Dh784 to Dh1,210
• Jumeirah Lake Towers
Dubai Marina’s little brother JLT resides on the other side of Sheikh Zayed road but is still close enough to beachside outlets and attractions. The big selling point for Airbnb renters, however, is that “it’s cheaper than Dubai Marina”, Mr Grudziecki says.
Frank Porter’s average Airbnb rent:
One bedroom: Dh422 to Dh629
Two bedroom: Dh549 to Dh818
Three bedroom: Dh631 to Dh941
• Palm Jumeirah
Palm Jumeirah's proximity to luxury resorts is attractive, especially for big families, says Mr Grudziecki, as Airbnb renters can secure competitive rates on one of the world’s most famous tourist destinations.
Frank Porter’s average Airbnb rent:
One bedroom: Dh503 to Dh770
Two bedroom: Dh654 to Dh1,002
Three bedroom: Dh752 to Dh1,152
Kill
Director: Nikhil Nagesh Bhat
Starring: Lakshya, Tanya Maniktala, Ashish Vidyarthi, Harsh Chhaya, Raghav Juyal
Rating: 4.5/5