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Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is fracturing a billion-dollar trade that spans the permafrost-laden diamond mines of Siberia, secretive trade houses in Antwerp, dusty polishing powerhouses in India and New York’s glittering designer jewellery stores.
Russian mining major Alrosa supplies about a third of the world’s raw gems and US sanctions against the company are causing panic in the industry. Firms including Tiffany and Signet Jewellers have announced plans to suspend sales of Russian diamonds.
With wedding season looming in the US, desperate delegations have been seeking a workaround from India, the world’s largest exporter that cuts and polishes nine of 10 stones.
The US relies on India for close to half of its diamonds. That makes New Delhi an unmatched stakeholder in managing the fallout and keeping shops on Fifth Avenue stocked.
Disruptions could crimp supplies across North America and cost India $2.5 billion this quarter, or about 10 per cent of its annual sales.
As Covid-19 pandemic restrictions ease, Signet and other jewellers expect 2.5 million weddings in the US this year, the highest number in four decades.
In the Indian city of Surat, one of the world’s largest polishing hubs, the diamond bazaars have gone quiet in recent weeks. Workers sit idly and grumble over cups of tea. Imports of new stones are down. Prices have fallen. Practically everybody has the same complaint: sanctions have pushed exporters into a tough spot.
“Normally the streets are chock-a-block with buyers and sellers,” said Manish Jain, a trader who was commiserating with several others on a hot day last month.
“Prices suddenly dropped after the war began and we are now left holding high-value stocks with no buyers.”
For now, a caveat in US sanctions allows imports that are “substantially transformed” in a country like India, though politicians are pushing to close loopholes. But polishers say some clients have started refusing Russian-mined stones, characterising them as conflict diamonds.
With so much uncertainty, India’s traders are preparing to mark the origin of every stone — rerouting Russian ones to friendlier markets in China and South-East Asia.
India is still exporting Russian diamonds to the US since the current stock was obtained pre-sanctions. But that supply will run out by the first week of June, said Vipul Shah, vice chairman of India’s Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council.
And while many European countries have yet to restrict imports of Russian luxury goods, the list is growing there, too. The UK announced that high-end items from diamonds to caviar would be prohibited or heavily taxed.
De Beers, the world’s second major diamond provider, is also limited in cranking out more gems. The company now only carries working inventory stocks and its mines are running at full tilt. There is little chance of material increases in supply before 2024, when an expansion at its flagship South African mine is scheduled to be completed.
“It’s very difficult to see us bringing on any new production,” said Bruce Cleaver, chief executive of De Beers.
Losing access to Russian diamonds over the long term would devastate the industry, Mr Shah said, jeopardising thousands of jobs in India and hitting major trading centres around the world.
South Africa's Alrosa cancelled its last sale in April and is unlikely to sell any large volumes again this month, sources said.
The price of a small, rough diamond, the type that would end up clustered around the solitaire stone in a wedding ring, has surged about 20 per cent since the start of March, sources said.
“Diamonds are not like oil, where some other country can jump in to make up for a shortfall,” Mr Shah said. “No new mines are coming up elsewhere. Our dependence is huge.”
Gems and jewellery are India’s third-largest source of export revenue, pulling in about $39bn for the fiscal year that ended in March.
In Manhattan’s diamond district, where salesmen corral tourists outside dozens of neon-lit stores, dealers said business has stalled over the past few months. The war is the latest blow to a market beleaguered by supply chain woes, slowing mine production and rising inflation.
Customers are now asking if stones come from Russia — though interest is still more muted than after the release of the Hollywood movie Blood Diamond, which centres on those mined in African conflict zones, said Avi Davidoff, a consultant at Leon Diamond.
“The cherry on top is no one knows where this war is going,” he said.
Sanctions from the US have caused friction in New Delhi. While much of the West remains united against Russian aggression, India, which considers Moscow a close political and trade ally, continues to import oil, weapons and commodities.
This has provoked irritation — and sometimes outright fury — from Nato allies and Washington power-brokers.
The quagmire facing India is one shared by many nations with long-standing ties to Russia: in a hyper-globalised economy, how do you placate sparring allies while also protecting domestic growth?
It’s a riddle with no clear answers. India is the world’s largest buyer of Russian weapons, though the overall trade relationship is fairly limited. Officials are considering ways to continue doing business after the US and the EU blocked Russia from Swift, the Belgium-based cross-border payment system operator.
One approach involves Russia depositing roubles into Indian banks, where they would then be converted into rupees.
A delegation from Alrosa visited India last month and met customers and trade groups to discuss selling diamonds using that workaround, sources said. But talks were inconclusive, and officials remain sensitive to provoking the US, which sees India as a regional check on China’s power. Alrosa declined to comment.
India faces a “tough, complicated balancing act” in managing “pro-Russia and pro-rest of the world stances”, said Amitendu Palit, a senior research fellow in South Asian studies at the National University of Singapore.
US Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo has likened a rouble-rupee arrangement to “funding and fuelling and aiding President [Vladimir] Putin’s war”.
“Challenges are likely to increase if the conflict continues for a long time,” Mr Palit said. “There will be tacit pressure on India to shift away from Russia for its trade.”
With no longer-term solution in place, traders are getting nervous in Surat, an industrial hub in Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s home state of Gujarat.
The city houses about 5,000 polishing units, from those that employ hundreds of workers to ones with only a handful of people.
In Mahidharpura, the biggest bazaar, traders use tweezers and magnifying glasses to inspect thousands of gemstones bound for western jewellers. There are so many polishers that some spread cotton sheets on the streets and do their work outside.
Factories are bubbles of calm. Often the only sound is the hum of a radio playing the Ramayana, an ancient Hindu epic. At B Virani, which supplies to clients such as Tiffany, employees work 10-hour shifts at a turntable-like machine that cuts diamonds. Salaries hover at about $450 a month.
On a recent visit, traders said they were working on borrowed time. Smaller factories, some of which have been in operation for decades, would be the first to go should sanctions persist. Several units have already started reducing working hours.
The messy logistics of separating Russian stones — which are typically no bigger than a few millimetres — from ones mined in places like Africa or Canada could derail the industry, which employs about a million people in Surat.
Abhishek Baid, a third-generation trader, said it’s a prospect that worries everybody.
