Global carbon emissions in 2022 remain at record highs, with no sign of the falls needed to curb climate change, research shows.
Scientists have said that there is now a 50 per cent chance that global temperature rises will hit the crucial climate target of 1.5°C in less than a decade.
Emissions would have to fall at rates comparable to 2020 — when Covid-19 restrictions shut down transport, industry and economic activities — every year to keep temperature rises to 1.5°C in the long term, experts have said.
But carbon pollution from burning fossil fuels has risen 1 per cent on 2021 levels, analysis from the Global Carbon Project showed, and is now slightly above the record levels seen in 2019.
The increase in the release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels is due to the ongoing recovery from the pandemic and the energy crisis caused by the invasion of Ukraine, the researchers said.
Total carbon emissions for 2022, which also includes deforestation and other land use changes, is set to be about 40.6 billion tonnes — up slightly from 2021 and close to the record 40.9 billion tonnes emitted pre-pandemic in 2019.
The Global Carbon Project involves work from more than 100 scientists from 80 organisations across 18 countries, and its results — published in the journal Earth System Science Data — come as countries meet for the latest round of climate talks, Cop27, in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.
While the rate of growth in emissions has slowed, the world is not taking the action required to make them decline rapidly to limit temperature rises, the scientists said.
Lead author Pierre Friedlingstein, from the University of Exeter’s Global Systems Institute, said: “This year we see yet another rise in global fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, when we need a rapid decline.
“There are some positive signs, but leaders meeting at Cop27 will have to take meaningful action if we are to have any chance of limiting global warming close to 1.5°C.”
Corinne Le Quere, from the University of East Anglia’s School of Environmental Sciences, said: “Our findings reveal turbulence in emissions patterns this year resulting from the pandemic and global energy crises.
Climate change hits chilli production in Pakistan — in pictures
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Near Kunri, a town in southern Pakistan known as Asia's chilli capital, 40-year-old farmer Leman Raj, pictured right with his son, rustles through dried plants looking for any of the bright-red chillies in his largely ruined crop that may have survived. All photos: Reuters -
'My crops suffered heavily from the heat, then the rains started, and the weather changed completely. Now, because of the heavy rains, we have suffered heavy losses in our crops, and this is what has happened to the chillies,' Leman says, holding up desiccated, rotten plants. 'All the chillies have rotted away.' -
Floods that wreaked havoc across Pakistan in August and September, on the back of several years of high temperatures, have left chilli farmers struggling to cope. -
In a country heavily dependent on agriculture, the more extreme climate conditions are hitting rural economies hard, farmers and experts say, underscoring the vulnerability of South Asia's population to changing weather patterns. -
Officials have already estimated damages from the floods at more than $40 billion. -
Pakistan is ranked fourth in the world for chilli production, with 60,700 hectares of farms producing 143,000 tonnes annually. Agriculture forms the backbone of Pakistan's economy, leaving it vulnerable to climate change. -
Before the floods, hot temperatures made it harder to grow chilli, which needs more moderate conditions. -
'When I was a child ... the heat was never so intense. We used to have a plentiful crop. Now it has become so hot, and the rains are so scarce that our yields have dwindled,' Leman says. -
Dr Attaullah Khan, director of the Arid Zone Research Centre at Pakistan's Agricultural Research Council, told Reuters that heatwaves over the past three years had affected the growth of chilli crops in the area, causing diseases that curled their leaves and stunted their growth. Now the floods pose a whole new set of challenges. -
'Coming to climate change: how do we overcome that?' he says. 'Planning has to be done on a very large scale. Four waterways that used to carry (excess) water to the ocean have to be revived. For that we will have to make some very hard decisions ... but we don't have any other choice.' -
Many farmers say they have already faced tough decisions. As flooding inundated his farm a few months ago, Kunri farmer Faisal Gill decided to sacrifice his cotton crops to try to save chilli. -
'We constructed dykes around cotton fields and installed pumps, and dug up trenches in the chilli crop to accumulate water and pump it out into the cotton crop fields, as both crops are planted side by side,' he says. Destroying his cotton enabled him to save just 30% of his chilli crop, he says, but that was better than nothing. -
In Kunri's bustling wholesale chilli market, Mirch Mandi, the effect is also being felt. Although mounds of bright red chilli dot the market, traders said there is a huge drop on previous years. -
'Last year, at this time, there used to be around 8,000 to 10,000 bags of chillies in the market,' trader Raja Daim says. 'This year, now you can see that there are barely 2,000 bags here, and it is the first day of the week. By tomorrow, and the day after, it will be even less.'
“If governments respond by turbocharging clean energy investments and planting, not cutting, trees, global emissions could rapidly start to fall.”
She said there was evidence that climate policy could work, with emissions growth slowing significantly in recent years, since the Paris Agreement to limit warming to well below 2°C or to 1.5°C, and the future was in people’s control.
“We are at a turning point and must not allow world events to distract us from the urgent and sustained need to cut our emissions to stabilise the global climate and reduce cascading risks,” she said.
The report showed that in 2022, emissions from oil were up 2.2 per cent on last year, largely due to a continued rebound in aviation post-pandemic.
Coal emissions are also up 1 per cent — probably exceeding what was thought to be the peak in 2014 — with rises in the European Union as the war in Ukraine squeezed energy supplies for the bloc, as well as in India.
But China and the US have seen a drop in pollution from coal, the analysis shows.
Among the major polluters, it is a mixed picture, with emissions projected to fall in China by 0.9 per cent and in the EU by 0.8 per cent but increase in the US by 1.5 per cent and India by 6 per cent, with a 1.7 per cent rise across the rest of the world.
Land use changes, in particular deforestation, are projected to cause 3.9 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions following a small but uncertain decline over the past two decades.
Only three countries, Indonesia, Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo, contribute more than half (58 per cent) of emissions from land use change.
Reforestation and new forests counterbalance about half the emissions from cutting down trees, so stopping deforestation and increasing efforts to restore and increase forest cover is a big opportunity to reduce emissions, the researchers said.
The report shows that the levels of carbon dioxide — the most significant greenhouse gas — in the atmosphere are projected to average 417 parts per million in 2022, 51 per cent above pre-industrial levels.
Scientists have said that to keep global temperature rises to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in the long run, the world has to cut carbon dioxide emissions to net zero by about 2050.
Net zero means no more CO2 is being emitted than is being absorbed by landscapes such as forests and oceans, or through technology.
To meet that target, emissions would have to fall by 1.4 billion tonnes a year — comparable to falls in 2020 at the height of pandemic lockdowns.
If total CO2 output continues at 2022 levels, the remaining carbon “budget” for the emissions that can be put into the atmosphere and still keep global warming to 1.5°C will be fully exhausted in nine years.
And there is a 50 per cent chance that global average temperature rises, driven by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, will cross the 1.5°C threshold at around the same time, the researchers said.
