Climate action summit a test for UN chief as well as global leaders

There are signs that cities and businesses are stepping in while nations fail

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres speaks beside environmental activist Greta Thunberg at the Youth Climate Summit at the UN Headquarters on September 21, 2019. Reuters

A climate action summit on Monday opens a week of high-level talks at the United Nations General Assembly, with world leaders being asked to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions following commitments first made in Paris in 2015.

Although the event in New York aims to pressure countries to do more to combat climate change the gathering could instead highlight the ambivalence of some nations to the UN initiative.

The United States – which early in the Trump administration announced plans to withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord – will not be among 64 countries that take to the podium. A low-level US delegation will attend the day-long talks while President Donald Trump hosts a separate event around the time UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres opens the climate summit.

Also missing will be Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, like Mr Trump a climate science sceptic, who has been castigated for failing to combat huge fires that continue to rage in the Amazon rainforest.

Each speaker at the climate summit has been allotted three minutes. While some nations are expected to make commitments on emissions, progress may be deemed inadequate by many of the estimated four million people that took to the streets in global protests against climate change on Friday, thousands of whom thronged the UN at the weekend.

Protesters march and hold placards as they attend the Global Climate Strike in Edinburgh , Scotland. Millions of people are taking to the streets around the world to take part in protests inspired by the teenage Swedish activist Greta Thunberg. Students are preparing to walk out of lessons in what could be the largest climate protest in history. Getty Images

Indian activists and students gather for a protest against climate change in New Delhi, India. EPA

An environmental activist dressed as a panda marches during the Climate Strike march in Johannesburg, South Africa. EPA

A youth touches an inflatable globe at the West Front of the US Capitol as crowds dispersed following the DC Climate Strike March in Washington, DC, USA. EPA

Young people participate in the global youth climate strike event in Montevideo, Uruguay. EPA

People protest in front of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in Bangkok, Thailand. Getty Images

Protesters gather near the Houses of Parliament during the Global Climate Strike demonstration in London, UK. Bloomberg

People protest in front of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in Bangkok. Getty Images

A placard reads "car is over" in front of the Brandenburg Gate during the Global Climate Strike of the movement Fridays for Future in Berlin, Germany. Reuters

An environmental activist participates in a Global Climate Strike in Bangkok. Reuters

Protesters take part in the Global Climate Strike as they march to parliament in Cape Town, South Africa. EPA

People march toward the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in Bangkok. EPA

Environmental activist play dead as they participate in a Global Climate Strike in Bangkok. Reuters

People march toward the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in Bangkok. EPA

Environmental activists participate in a Global Climate Strike in Bangkok. Reuters

People display placards during a rally as part of a global climate change campaign at Sanur beach on Indonesia's resort island of Bali. AFP

Environmental activists hold placards during a rally outside the Department of Environment and Natural Resources at suburban Quezon city, northeast of Manila, Philippines. AP Photo

An environmental activist holds a placard during a rally in suburban Quezon city. AP Photo

People hold signs and attend a climate change protest in Noumea, New Caledonia. 350 PACIFIC via Reuters

Students attend a climate change protest in Marovo Island, Solomon Islands. 350 PACIFIC via Reuters

Students attend a climate change protest in Marovo Island, Solomon Islands. 350 PACIFIC via Reuters

Enviromental activists stage a performance as part of a global climate strike in Seoul, South Korea. AFP

Thousands of students and protesters gather in The Domain in Sydney, Australia. Getty Images

Young protesters hold up signs during Climate Strike at the Domain in Sydney. Getty Images

A large inflatable globe is bounced through the crowd in Sydney. AP Photo

A woman holds up a sign as she takes part in a protest to call for action on climate change in Melbourne, Australia. Reuters

Climate Emergency Protesters hold a rally in Brisbane, Australia. Getty Images

A Climate Emergency Protester holds up a sign at a rally in Brisbane. Getty Images

Hundreds of Climate Emergency Protesters attend a rally in Brisbane. Getty Images

People take part in a protest for climate action on September 20, 2019 in Paris, as part of a global climate action day. AFP

Ukrainians hold placards during the Global Climate strike in Kiev, Ukraine. People around the world are taking part in protests demanding action on climate issues. EPA

Pacific Islanders attend a protest march as part of the world’s largest climate strike in Sydney. AFP

The summit is also a major personal test for Mr Guterres, the top official at the UN since the beginning of 2017. The former prime minister of Portugal’s tenure has been plagued by global conflict. Wars in Syria and Yemen have intensified during that time and a UN peace process in Libya that he personally spearheaded collapsed earlier this year, calling the world body's relevance into question.

Mr Guterres has said that while there is limited ground for the UN to solve conflicts, climate change is an issue where the world body can prove its value and take a global leadership role. Monday's summit will put that statement to the test, said Richard Gowan, UN director at the International Crisis Group.

“The secretary general has struggled to find a really powerful case for why the UN matters, emphasising issues like conflict prevention and fairer migration rules that have not resonated globally,” said Mr Gowan.

“His efforts to mediate in cases such as Cyprus and Libya have failed, but his new focus on climate change this year has won a lot of political and media attention, and he has smartly tied his diplomatic work to the Climate Strike movement.

“There has been a sense that the fight against global warming has been adrift since the Paris agreement. I think Guterres has found a cause that he can use to prove the UN's relevance.”

The Paris pact was intended to keep temperatures from rising to more dangerous levels. It called on almost 200 countries to set voluntary targets to reduce their emissions, but many large nations, including the US, are off track.

Heat waves that killed hundreds in Europe this summer, as well as floods and the Amazon fires have reawakened the opportunity for collective action. There is a broad scientific consensus that warmer oceans are supercharging hurricanes, making Category 4 and 5 storms more common. The latest research also suggests that warming may be affecting global atmospheric currents, increasing the frequency of ultra slow-crawling hurricanes such as last month's Dorian and 2017's Harvey.

But the evidence has not yet resonated in US policymaking.

Mr Trump has rolled back dozens of environmental regulations, saying they place an intolerable burden on the American economy. Reiterating his resistance he last week blocked the state of California's attempt to set its own rules on auto emissions. The case is now headed for the Supreme Court, with 23 other US states joining California in suing the Trump administration.

In Brazil, Mr Bolsonaro wants to open the Amazon to greater commercial activity, with activists saying that forest clearing caused by fires is aiding that goal. And in China, state-owned companies want to increase the number of coal-fired energy projects, although the country has said it is seeking to reduce carbon emissions in other ways.

Speaking to reporters on Friday, Mr Guterres stressed that cities and businesses would be attending Monday's summit, noting that they were pushing ahead in efforts to assess climate risks and respond accordingly, even if some governments are not.

The goal of the summit is that a "very meaningful number of countries" announce their commitment to a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, said the secretary general.

Under such a pledge, nations would aim to achieve a carbon footprint of zero by minimising their emissions and offsetting any that remain through such actions as planting trees that absorb excess carbon dioxide.

Mr Guterres also hinted that China, represented by Foreign Minister Wang Yi, may be among the attendees who commit to new measures.

“I believe that China will be one of the few countries that will be ahead of time in relation to the commitments made, those nationally determined contributions made in Paris," he said.