Rafik Hariri trial: international verdict in case of Lebanon’s slain statesman is toothless

Special Lebanon Tribunal produced largely token conviction in the Hague against member of Iran’s regional enforcement network

Former Lebanese prime minister Saad Hariri reacts and speaks to the press as he leaves the UN-backed Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) at Leidschendam after the expected verdict on the 2005 murder of his father, former Lebanese premier Rafik Hariri. AFP

Former Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri reacts after a session of the United Nations-backed Lebanon Tribunal handing down a judgement in the case of four men being tried in absentia for the 2005 bombing that killed former prime minister Rafik Hariri. Reuters

A security officer stands guard near the graves of people who were killed in the 2005 bombing that killed former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, in Beirut, Lebanon. Reuters

Bahiya Hariri, the sister of Lebanon's former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, reacts as she prays at his grave, in Beirut, Lebanon. Reuters

Former Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri speaks after the United Nations-backed Lebanon Tribunal in Leidschendam, Netherlands handed down its judgement. AP

Bahiya Hariri, the sister of Lebanon's former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, prays at his grave in Beirut, Lebanon. Getty

Members of security forces stand guard near a billboard depicting Lebanon's former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, who was killed in a 2005 suicide bombing, in Sidon, southern Lebanon. Reuters

Former Lebanese prime minister Saad Hariri leaves the UN-backed Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) at Leidschendam after the expected verdict on the 2005 murder of his father former Lebanese premier Rafik Hariri. AFP

A statue of Lebanon's former prime minister Rafik Hariri is seen near the site of the 2005 bombing that killed him on August 18, 2020 in Beirut, Lebanon. Getty

Saad Hariri speaks to the press after leaving the Lebanon Tribunal after the ruling on the assassination of ex-Prime Minister Rafik Hariri of Lebanon in Leidschendam, The Netherlands. EPA

By convicting a Hezbollah operative without asking who ordered him to assassinate Rafik Hariri, an international tribunal in The Hague stuck to political lines that have defined the Middle East over the past 15 years, experts say.

International powers began shaping these parameters not long after the slain statesman was buried in February 2005 in the centre of Beirut, which he was instrumental in rebuilding after the civil war.

Political analysts said it was fairly clear since Syrian regime forces pulled out of Lebanon in April 2005 that there would be no further damage from the assassination to Iran’s regional allies.

France, Germany and Britain did not let the assassination stop them intensifying diplomatic contacts with Iran, which eventually helped to deliver the 2015 nuclear deal.

The Special Lebanon Tribunal, the first international court created in pursuit of justice for just one man, convicted Salim Ayyash, the main defendant in the Hariri killing.

Three co-accused were acquitted of all charges.

The tribunal said it found no evidence to link the Syrian government, a main ally of Hezbollah, to the murder, and no “direct evidence” that the leadership of Hezbollah was behind it.

But the tribunal did say there was evidence that Mr Ayyash belonged to Hezbollah.

Prominent lawyer Chibli Mallat, who led international cases against Ariel Sharon and Muammar Qaddafi, said the tribunal had committed a “grave legal error".

Mr Mallat said the judges had “separated the motive from the crime”, although they made it clear that Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah had motives.

"Why were the two not investigated personally before they were proclaimed that they did not bear criminal responsibility all this time?" he asked The National.

Mr Mallat said that even if the tribunal proved Ayyash was a Hezbollah member, then Lebanese authorities must apprehend him, despite the influence the group has on the state.

Hezbollah said that the tribunal's judgment was immaterial to the group, which had refused to hand over the four suspects.

Nadim Shehade, executive director of the Lebanese American University in New York, said the tribunal could not deliver a judgment against a country or an institution or group.

But Mr Shehade said he was confused as to why the judges had wanted to “clarify their position” by announcing a lack of evidence for Hezbollah and Syrian involvement.

“People know that Syria and Hezbollah killed Hariri,” Mr Shehade said. “Those who know, know. Those who deny, deny. And this will not change anybody's mind.”

The Hariri assassination was followed by peaceful street protests, known as the Cedar Revolution, and international pressure, leading to the withdrawal of Syrian regime troops from Lebanon after 29 years.

Lebanese political analyst Youssef Bazzi said the outcome of the investigation was cast when the term of the first UN investigator in the Hariri murder, famed German prosecutor Detlev Mehlis, ended in January 2006.

Rafik Hariri, left, and his bodyguard Yahya Arab, leave the Parliament in Beirut, Lebanon in 2005. Minutes later, Hariri and several of his bodyguards were killed in a massive bomb explosion. AP

The site of devastation where former Lebanon prime minister Hariri was assassinated in the blast in Beirut on February 14, 2005. AFP

Supporters of former Lebanese prime minister Hariri after Hariri's death outside his house in Beirut. AFP

The national flag-draped coffin of Hariri is carried to his final resting place in central Beirut two days after the killing. AFP

Saad Hariri and other family members leave their family home to join the funeral procession. AFP

A combination of handout pictures obtained on July 29, 2011 from the website of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon shows four Hezbollah suspects indicted in the assassination case of Hariri, (from top left to right) Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Assad Hassan Sabra, Hussein Hassan Oneissi and Salim Jamil Ayyash. AFP

An avenue in central Beirut destroyed by 18 months of civil war is pictured, November 15, 1976. AFP

Hariri on October 22, 1992 in Beirut, after being nominated as prime minister by then president Elias Hrawi. AFP

Hariri and his wife Nazic on September 1, 1996 in their villa in Beirut. AFP

Then French president Jacques Chirac greets Hariri at the Elysee Palace in Paris, September 28, 1996. AFP

Sheikh Zayed, the Founding Father, meets Hariri in Dubai on March 17, 1999. Hariri was in Dubai for a three-day official visit. AFP

Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashed, then Crown Prince of Dubai, drives Hariri in Dubai on March 6, 2000. AFP

Hariri meets Syrian President Bashar al Assad on the sidelines of the Arab summit in Beirut, March 27, 2002. AFP

Lebanese policemen gather at the site where outgoing economy and trade minister Marwan Hamadeh's car was targeted by a bomb in Beirut on October 1, 2004. AFP

The Hariri monument in Beirut. Reuters

Mr Bazzi said Mr Mehlis’s successors were more interested in containing the political repercussions than pursuing the case.

“It was becoming obvious that the trail leads to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran, and no one wanted to go anywhere that far,” he said.

“The whole regional and international construct from the beginning was designed to produce the outcome we saw today."

In 2005, the UN investigators asked to interview Syrian presidential adviser Bouthaina Shaaban.

They wrote to Ms Shaaban for an interview after she hinted that Israel was behind the Hariri assassination.

The investigators wanted to see the evidence that she hinted the Syrian regime had against Israel.

Ms Shaaban never responded, although the Syrian regime was obliged to co-operate with the international investigation under a UN resolution.

In April 2006, Mr Mehlis’s successor Serge Brammertz met Syrian President Bashar Al Assad in Damascus.

Some in the investigations team were astonished that Mr Brammertz did not record the interview, according to a source at the time.

Political commentator Nizar Abdel Qader said that the tribunal’s avoidance of going beyond Ayyash in the Hezbollah command structure “does not mean that Hezbollah does not bear responsibility for the murder".

“This was a political crime par excellence,” Mr Abdel Qader said.

“Justice in such case is not achieved by only going after those who executed the murder.”