Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas has clamped down on social media and news websites — the main outlets for debate and dissent in the West Bank — with a vaguely-worded decree that critics say allows his government to jail anyone on charges of harming "national unity" or the "social fabric."
Civil rights activists say the edict, issued without prior public debate last month, is perhaps the most significant step yet by the Abbas government to restrict freedom of expression in the autonomous Palestinian enclaves of the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
A Palestinian prosecutor denied the decree is being used to stifle dissent and insisted that a new law on electronic crimes was needed to close legal loopholes that in the past allowed offenders, such as hackers, to go unpunished.
However, the government has blocked 30 websites in the past month, according to the Palestinian Centre for Development and Media Freedoms, or Mada.
Most of the sites were affiliated with Mr Abbas's two main rivals — a former aide-turned-adversary, Mohammed Dahlan, and the Islamic militant group Hamas, Mada said. A few of the blocked sites had supported ISIL in Iraq and Syria.
Five journalists working for news outlets linked to Hamas were detained this week and charged with violating the new law, according to the lawyer of one of those arrested and an official in the association of Palestinian journalists.
Separately, four other journalists were called in for questioning about social media posts that were critical of government policy.
One of those summoned, photo journalist Fadi Arouri, who works for the Chinese news agency Xinhua, said he was shown his Facebook posts and told that the authorities were concerned that "these expressions could lead to disorder in the society."
Ammar Dweik, head of the government-appointed Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights, said the new law is "one of the worst" since the Palestinian autonomy government was established in 1994.
It's "a big setback to the freedoms in the West Bank," he said, citing the vague definition of the purported crimes, the wide authority given to the security forces, the large-scale blocking of news websites and the harsh punishments.
Civil rights groups have repeatedly accused Mr Abbas and his predecessor, Yasser Arafat, of restricting freedoms and engaging in human rights violations, such as arbitrary arrests of political opponents, mistreatment in detention and cracking down on peaceful protests.
The new decree stipulates prison terms ranging from one year to life for those who use digital means for a range of all-encompassing offences. The list includes endangering the safety of the state or the public order as well as harming national unity or social peace.
President Abbas, 82, issued the decree at a time when he is facing new domestic challenges to his rule.
Mr Dahlan and Hamas have overcome their old rivalry to team up against Mr Abbas with an emerging power-sharing deal in Gaza, the territory that Mr Abbas's Fatah movement lost to Hamas in 2007.
Polls routinely show that two-thirds of Palestinians want Mr Abbas to resign. He was elected for a five-year term in 2005, but stayed on, arguing that political disagreement with Hamas prevented new elections. With parliament paralyzed as a result of the political split, Mr Abbas has ruled by decree.
He also failed to deliver on his central promise of setting up a Palestinian state in talks with Israel.
The chasm with Israel has widened since hard-line leader Benjamin Netanyahu came to power in 2009, and an early Trump administration promise to revive long-dormant negotiations appears to have fizzled out.
Officials in Mr Abbas's office declined to comment on the new decree or on long-standing complaints that the Palestinian president and his government restrict freedoms in the West Bank. The officials said it was a matter for he law enforcement agencies and the cabinet to comment. A government spokesman also declined to comment, referring questions to the justice minister, who did not respond to requests for comment.
Ibrahim Hamodeh, a prosecutor in the attorney general's office, said the decree was needed to go after those committing electronic crimes, such as hackers and those engaged in online libel.
"There is nothing about (restricting) freedom of expression in the new law," Mr Hamodeh said. "The law criminalizes distortion, defamation, slandering. ne can criticize the president and his policy but one cannot accuse the president or anyone else of treason or make fun of him in an image, or something like that."
Critics said the vague, fuzzy terms in the decree are problematic. It enables the government to jail anyone for any reason. It opens the door wide to more violations of freedom of expression," said Ghazi Bani Odeh, a researcher at Mada.
In the past, other laws that prohibit "insulting the president" or "insulting religion" have been used selectively to prosecute Palestinians for social media posts.
Emad Al Masri, a mid-level manager in the Palestinian Health Ministry in the city of Ramallah, was among the first to be prosecuted under the new law. He said he was detained in July, after being sued by two ministry officials for allegedly slanderous Facebook posts.
The prosecutor said the pair eventually dropped their charges and the judge reduced the sentence from two years to three months, or a fine. Mr Al Masri ended up paying about $130 (Dh477).
Mr Masri, 45, an activist in Fatah, said he believes he was targeted for his critical comments recently about Mr Abbas's new policy of tightening financial pressure on Gaza to try to force the coastal strip's Hamas rulers to cede ground.
"I think they meant to intimidate me, to silence me," he said. His posts accused Abbas of harming ordinary Gazans with his tough policies against Hamas.
The Palestinian journalists' association in the West Bank, though dominated by Fatah, said it would resist the decree. Though a law on electronic crimes is needed, the association is concerned about articles that touch on freedom of expression and freedom of reporting, said Mohammed Laham, an official in the journalists' association. He said the association is working with the Independent Commission for Human Rights to offer alternatives to some of the articles.
Shahwan Jabareen, director of the veteran human rights group Al Haq, expressed concern about what he called a continued slide toward authoritarianism.
"The Palestinian security services intervene in everything," he said. They have "become the masters of the land."