Opaque social media accounts, fake websites and silly memes. All are part of Iran’s wide-reaching influence operation on the West that has forced Twitter, Facebook and Google into action.
An investigation by cyber-security company FireEye, the most sweeping examination into Iranian cyber-efforts to date, details the true scale and reach of Tehran's propaganda efforts and the attempts by its agents to shape the views of western audiences.
It is an effort of comparative scale to that of Russia’s troll factories that have sought to influence elections, referendums and governments from Washington to Paris to London.
Last week, social media giants collectively removed hundreds of social media accounts after a tip-off from FireEye, because they were suspected of originating from Iranian sources with links to the regime.
Iran denies the accusation that it is behind the massive online operation, but FireEye has released its findings and explained how Iran used these fronts to target users in the United States, Britain, Latin America and the Middle East. It shows the lengths the Iranian regime is going to not only to lobby western officials into its corner, but also the public they serve.
Such was the scale of the operation that Facebook alone had to remove 254 Facebook pages and 116 Instagram accounts that garnered more than one million followers collectively on both platforms. Those pages spent about $12,000 on promoting their material between 2012 and 2017.
The platform had also detected attempts to spread malware by the Tehran operation.
Twitter said it had taken down 284 accounts, many of them suspected of links to Iran, for “co-ordinated manipulation”.
Google, the third social media giant to remove Iranian-linked accounts, took down 58 users from its YouTube video platform and other sites Google Plus and Blogger. All of the accounts had ties to the Ayatollah-linked Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, or Irib, and “disguise their connection”, according to company officials.
The search platform analysed the accounts by inspecting their IP addresses, the metadata of the accounts and who owned the domains. It connected the accounts to Iran and found they had been active since early last year.
Other accounts linked to Iran gave away their link relatively easily. FireEye found registrant emails for at least two suspected Iranian disinformation sites tied to advertisements for website designers in Tehran and the website gahvare.com, based in Iran. FireEye then found multiple Twitter accounts linked to those sites, ones that had phone numbers beginning with Iran’s +98 country code.
It also discovered that a number of the accounts were tweeting mostly between 0400 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and 1300 UTC, in line with the Iranian work day. The accounts often fell silent on Thursdays and Fridays, the Iranian weekend.
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One of the Facebook pages employed by Tehran was named the Liberty Front Press. It posed as an independent page offering its views from Iran. But it was uncovered to be closely linked to Press TV, a news station with deep links to the Iranian state.
Some of the material pumped out by these accounts was supportive of left-leaning positions opposed to the administration of US President Donald Trump, who in May pulled Washington out of the landmark nuclear deal signed between Tehran and world powers.
Other posts included cartoons of Saudi Arabia’s King Salman with critical messages about the Arab Coalition’s campaign to recapture Yemeni cities from the Iran-backed Houthi rebels. Another accused Riyadh of interfering in the 2016 US presidential election in favour of Donald Trump.
One tweet called for the boycott of the Hajj in Makkah in protest against the Saudi government’s policies. Other tweets had anti-Israel themes and material that supported Britain’s left-wing leader Jeremy Corbyn.
In Latin America, Iran is suspected of using a front site called Instituto Manquehue to promote Iranian allies, Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and Bolivian President Evo Morales. In the US, Iran had a front site known as Real Progressive Front. In Britain, it was two sites: the British Left and Critics Chronicle.
The operation demonstrates that it is not only Russia seeking to influence political discourse in the West. This threat from state actors online “continues to evolve,” FireEye said in its 32-page report, and it is likely that Iran will continue these efforts.
But as Tehran continues to push its interests in countries around the world, Silicon Valley may have just called time on Tehran’s trolls for good.
MATCH INFO
Manchester City 3 (Sterling 46', De Bruyne 65', Gundogan 70')
Aston Villa 0
Red card: Fernandinho (Manchester City)
Man of the Match: Raheem Sterling (Manchester City)
Herc's Adventures
Developer: Big Ape Productions
Publisher: LucasArts
Console: PlayStation 1 & 5, Sega Saturn
Rating: 4/5
A Long Way Home by Peter Carey
Faber & Faber
ROUTE TO TITLE
Round 1: Beat Leolia Jeanjean 6-1, 6-2
Round 2: Beat Naomi Osaka 7-6, 1-6, 7-5
Round 3: Beat Marie Bouzkova 6-4, 6-2
Round 4: Beat Anastasia Potapova 6-0, 6-0
Quarter-final: Beat Marketa Vondrousova 6-0, 6-2
Semi-final: Beat Coco Gauff 6-2, 6-4
Final: Beat Jasmine Paolini 6-2, 6-2
J Street Polling Results
97% of Jewish-Americans are concerned about the rise in anti-Semitism
76% of US Jewish voters believe Donald Trump and his allies in the Republican Party are responsible for a rise in anti-Semitism
74% of American Jews agreed that “Trump and the Maga movement are a threat to Jews in America"
LOVE AGAIN
Director: Jim Strouse
Stars: Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Sam Heughan, Celine Dion
Rating: 2/5
The specs
Engine: 2.3-litre, turbo four-cylinder
Transmission: 10-speed auto
Power: 300hp
Torque: 420Nm
Price: Dh189,900
On sale: now
Company Profile
Name: Direct Debit System
Started: Sept 2017
Based: UAE with a subsidiary in the UK
Industry: FinTech
Funding: Undisclosed
Investors: Elaine Jones
Number of employees: 8
A QUIET PLACE
Starring: Lupita Nyong'o, Joseph Quinn, Djimon Hounsou
Director: Michael Sarnoski
Rating: 4/5
The specs
Engine: 3.8-litre V6
Power: 295hp at 6,000rpm
Torque: 355Nm at 5,200rpm
Transmission: 8-speed auto
Fuel consumption: 10.7L/100km
Price: Dh179,999-plus
On sale: now
Five calorie-packed Ramadan drinks
Rooh Afza
100ml contains 414 calories
Tang orange drink
100ml serving contains 300 calories
Carob beverage mix
100ml serving contains about 300 calories
Qamar Al Din apricot drink
100ml saving contains 61 calories
Vimto fruit squash
100ml serving contains 30 calories
Ziina users can donate to relief efforts in Beirut
Ziina users will be able to use the app to help relief efforts in Beirut, which has been left reeling after an August blast caused an estimated $15 billion in damage and left thousands homeless. Ziina has partnered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to raise money for the Lebanese capital, co-founder Faisal Toukan says. “As of October 1, the UNHCR has the first certified badge on Ziina and is automatically part of user's top friends' list during this campaign. Users can now donate any amount to the Beirut relief with two clicks. The money raised will go towards rebuilding houses for the families that were impacted by the explosion.”
SPECS: Polestar 3
Engine: Long-range dual motor with 400V battery
Power: 360kW / 483bhp
Torque: 840Nm
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Max touring range: 628km
0-100km/h: 4.7sec
Top speed: 210kph
Price: From Dh360,000
On sale: September
Indoor cricket in a nutshell
Indoor Cricket World Cup - Sep 16-20, Insportz, Dubai
16 Indoor cricket matches are 16 overs per side
8 There are eight players per team
9 There have been nine Indoor Cricket World Cups for men. Australia have won every one.
5 Five runs are deducted from the score when a wickets falls
4 Batsmen bat in pairs, facing four overs per partnership
Scoring In indoor cricket, runs are scored by way of both physical and bonus runs. Physical runs are scored by both batsmen completing a run from one crease to the other. Bonus runs are scored when the ball hits a net in different zones, but only when at least one physical run is score.
Zones
A Front net, behind the striker and wicketkeeper: 0 runs
B Side nets, between the striker and halfway down the pitch: 1 run
C Side nets between halfway and the bowlers end: 2 runs
D Back net: 4 runs on the bounce, 6 runs on the full
Company Profile
Company name: Hoopla
Date started: March 2023
Founder: Jacqueline Perrottet
Based: Dubai
Number of staff: 10
Investment stage: Pre-seed
Investment required: $500,000
THE BIO
Favourite car: Koenigsegg Agera RS or Renault Trezor concept car.
Favourite book: I Am Pilgrim by Terry Hayes or Red Notice by Bill Browder.
Biggest inspiration: My husband Nik. He really got me through a lot with his positivity.
Favourite holiday destination: Being at home in Australia, as I travel all over the world for work. It’s great to just hang out with my husband and family.
Veil (Object Lessons)
Rafia Zakaria
Bloomsbury Academic
The past Palme d'Or winners
2018 Shoplifters, Hirokazu Kore-eda
2017 The Square, Ruben Ostlund
2016 I, Daniel Blake, Ken Loach
2015 Dheepan, Jacques Audiard
2014 Winter Sleep (Kış Uykusu), Nuri Bilge Ceylan
2013 Blue is the Warmest Colour (La Vie d'Adèle: Chapitres 1 et 2), Abdellatif Kechiche, Adele Exarchopoulos and Lea Seydoux
2012 Amour, Michael Haneke
2011 The Tree of Life, Terrence Malick
2010 Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (Lung Bunmi Raluek Chat), Apichatpong Weerasethakul
2009 The White Ribbon (Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte), Michael Haneke
2008 The Class (Entre les murs), Laurent Cantet