A plan to open up parts of Norway's seabed to mining exploration was approved by the government on Tuesday, despite protests from activists and scientists' warnings about the uncertain environmental effects.
The Storting signed off the proposal, with 80 votes in favour and 20 against, to gradually open up a 280,000-square-kilometre area, mostly in the Arctic.
While the plan was debated in the Oslo parliament, a small group of protesters gathered outside, displaying banners reading "Stop deep-sea mining" and "Norway protect our oceans".
"They are opening a very new, vulnerable and enormous area that has been under-explored by scientists," Haldis Tjeldflaat Helle of Greenpeace Norway told AFP.
Western Europe's largest oil and gas producer, the Scandinavian nation is now set to become one of the first countries to explore the ocean floor for minerals crucial for renewable energy technology, potentially making it a major mineral producer.
At the same time, deep-sea mining is controversial due to its possible effects on vulnerable marine ecosystems.
In early 2023, the Norwegian Offshore Directorate published a report concluding that "substantial resources are in place on the seabed" including minerals such as copper, zinc and cobalt.
The Labour-led coalition minority government in June proposed allowing mining of the country's seabed in the Arctic region.
In December it announced that it had reached a deal with opposition parties to secure parliamentary support to move forward.
"We need minerals because we want to lead a green transition in the form of fuel cells and solar panels, of electric cars and mobile phones," Labour member of parliament Marianne Sivertsen Naess said at the time.
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NGOs and scientists have meanwhile warned that deep-sea mining could damage habitats and harm species that are little understood, but are important to the food chain.
They also point to the risk of disrupting the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon emitted by human activities, and the noise that could disturb species such as whales.
"We are very worried about what this will mean for both ecosystems in the Arctic," Ms Tjeldflaat Helle said.
"What it will mean for the fisheries of both Norway and other countries, and also Norwegians and Norway's international reputation as a country that is supposed to take climate and nature seriously."
She said activists were also worried that Norway "chooses this time to send the signal that they will push forward on deep-sea mining when the rest of the world is discussing a moratorium or a precautionary pause on this industry".
Several countries, including France and the UK, have called for a moratorium on deep-sea mining.
The Norwegian plan stresses that "environmental considerations" will be taken into account in all stages of the process and "extraction will only be authorised if the licensee's extraction plan demonstrates that extraction can take place in a sustainable and responsible manner".
Among others, Norway's Institute of Marine Research and the Norwegian Polar Institute have warned that there is a severe lack of knowledge necessary to assess what the environmental impact would be.
There is no time schedule for when exploration and possible mining could begin.
In the proposal, the government said that "the fact that the state opens an area for mineral extraction does not mean that extraction activities are initiated immediately".
Instead it means that licensing authorities can began the process of granting licences, while the state can "continue the mapping of Norwegian seabed minerals".
