Explained: How experts will hunt for Covid origins in China

What the World Health Organisation is doing in China and what it's hoping to achieve there

A member of a medical team weeps at the Wuhan Tianhe International Airport after travel restrictions were lifted. Reuters

Medical workers from The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University cheer during a ceremony at the airport as they prepare to leave after the lockdown was lifted in Wuhan, China. EPA

A woman carries a child as she walks past waiting travelers inside the Hankou railway station in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Bloomberg

Medical workers wave goodbye to a medical team from Jilin at the Wuhan Tianhe International Airport after travel restrictions were lifted. Reuters

A railway worker speaks in a loudspeaker next to the first official train departing from a railway station after the lockdown was lifted in Wuhan, China. EPA

Passengers go through the security and body temperature check at the railway station after the lockdown was lifted in Wuhan, China. EPA

Passengers wait to enter the railway station after the lockdown was lifted, in Wuhan. EPA

Hankou railway station is seen in this aerial photograph taken in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Bloomberg

Medical staff from Jilin Province hug nurses from Wuhan after working together during the coronavirus outbreak, during a ceremony before leaving as Tianhe Airport is reopened. AFP

Bullet trains at a station in preparation for resuming operations after authorities lifted a more than two-month ban on outbound travel in Wuhan. AFP

People wearing face masks arrive at Hankou Railway Station in Wuhan to take one of the first trains leaving the city. AFP

A woman adjusts her child's mask as they arrive at Hankou Railway Station in Wuhan. AFP

Police officers stand guard near an inflatable depicting a police officer at a toll station of an expressway after travel restrictions to leave Wuhan were lifted. Reuters

Medical workers walk by a police robot at the Wuhan Tianhe International Airport. Reuters

After a two-week quarantine, the real work can begin. Maybe.

A World Health Organisation team of researchers emerged from their hotel on Thursday for the first time since their arrival in the central Chinese city of Wuhan to start searching for clues into the origins of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The visit has been shrouded in secrecy: Details of their itinerary have not been released, and it’s unknown how much access China will give the researchers to the sites they want to visit and the people they want to talk to.

Why is the team in China?

Scientists hope that information on the earliest known cases of the new coronavirus, which was first identified in Wuhan, will help them better understand where it came from and prevent similar pandemics in the future.

Researchers around the world are eager for access to samples taken from the Huanan Seafood Market, which had an early outbreak, and Wuhan hospital records.

The team may visit the market as well as the locations of other early cases.

It could also go to a laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology that was built after the 2003 Sars pandemic and maintains an extensive archive of genetic sequences of bat coronaviruses. US officials in the previous Trump administration suggested without offering evidence that the virus could have escaped from the institute.

Experts say it's unlikely that the new coronavirus emerged from the lab in Wuhan. Analysis of the new coronavirus's genome, they say, rules out the possibility that it was engineered by humans.

The researchers might also visit the hospitals that were overwhelmed at the height of the pandemic in China and the local branch of the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.

The seafood market and other places where early cases emerged remain important because the virus is constantly mutating, as the new strain found in the United Kingdom shows.

What do researchers hope to learn?

Wuhan is where Covid-19 cases were first detected, but it is highly possible that the virus came to the industrial city of 11 million people from elsewhere.

Genetic sequencing shows that the coronavirus started in bats and probably jumped to another animal before infecting human beings. The virus that is the closet known relative of the one that causes Covid-19 has been found in bats in a mine shaft nearly 1,600 kilometres southwest of Wuhan, near China's border with Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. The Associated Press was prevented from visiting the mine.

People began falling ill in Wuhan in December 2019, and many had links to the seafood market. Scientists initially suspected the virus came from wild animals sold at the market, prompting China to crackdown on the wildlife trade.

But the subsequent discovery of earlier cases challenged that theory. China's CDC said that samples taken from the market indicate it was probably a place where the virus spread, not where it started. The WHO team's ability to further our understanding of the virus – and its credibility – could hinge in part on getting access to those samples.

Studying the genes of the earliest known cases in Wuhan could provide clues to how it got from bats to people and whether it was through a mammal such as a bamboo rat or a civet.

What obstacles does the team face?

The big question is what China will allow the researchers to see and do. The ruling Communist Party is concerned the research could shed light on its handling of the virus that could open it up to international criticism – and even demands for financial compensation if it is found to have been negligent.

China has stifled independent reports about the outbreak at home and published little information on its research into the origins of the virus. An AP investigation found that the government had strictly controlled all Covid-19-related research and banned researchers from speaking to the media.

Another AP investigation found WHO officials privately complained that China had dragged its feet on sharing critical information about the outbreak, including the new virus’s genetic sequence, even as the UN health agency publicly praised China for what it called a speedy response.

China, stung by complaints it allowed the disease to spread, has suggested the virus could have come from abroad. A government representative has said the origins hunt will require work beyond China's borders, including in bat habitats in neighbouring South-East Asia. An expert on the WHO team has backed the opinion, and this is a possibility researchers are exploring.

When will we know the answers?

The search for the origins of Covid-19 is likely to take years. It took more than a decade to find the origins of Sars, and the origins of Ebola, first identified in the 1970s, remain elusive. But knowing where the virus came from could help prevent future outbreaks of viruses from wild animals.