Hotter weather can lead to lower exam results, a major university study has suggested.
Researchers at Harvard University, the University of California Los Angeles and Georgia State University quantified what teachers have long known: students in warm classrooms find it harder to concentrate and are more easily distracted.
The results, which were published this month, indicate that hot weather may reduce learning in both the short and long run.
Hot weather on the day of an exam, as well as extended heat during the school year, lowered test scores, the study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in the United States showed.
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Previous studies have shown how hotter countries tend to be poorer and how in laboratory conditions test subjects perform worse on cognitive tasks when the heat is increased. But the US research was the first major study to show how higher temperatures affect students in the classroom.
Entitled "Heat and Learning", it linked test scores from 10 million American students to daily weather data. The results showed that an average temperature increase of just 0.55C over a year resulted in a 1 per cent decrease in learning.
The researchers also suggested that climate change will also affect learning. If hotter classrooms reduce learning, then the future earnings of students will fall. And if temperatures continue to rise as predicted by global warming models, students from an average-sized classroom could together lose $25,000 over their lifetime if air conditioning is not installed.
The impact of hot weather on learning is more likely to affect poor students, the study notes.
The research builds on an earlier study of New York City high school exit exams. That study showed students who take an exam on a 32 degree day are 12 per cent more likely to fail than if they took the same exam on a 22 degree day.
The researchers advise that teachers should consider increasing grades for students who are forced to take exams in hot settings.
For parents worried about the impact of heat on their children’s learning, the study provides some comfort: air conditioning in schools eliminates the negative impact of hot weather on learning.
Saturday's schedule at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
GP3 race, 12:30pm
Formula 1 final practice, 2pm
Formula 1 qualifying, 5pm
Formula 2 race, 6:40pm
Performance: Sam Smith
ONCE UPON A TIME IN GAZA
Starring: Nader Abd Alhay, Majd Eid, Ramzi Maqdisi
Directors: Tarzan and Arab Nasser
Rating: 4.5/5
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Engine: twin-turbocharged 3.5-liter V6
Power: 450hp
Torque: 700Nm
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MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE – FINAL RECKONING
Director: Christopher McQuarrie
Starring: Tom Cruise, Hayley Atwell, Simon Pegg
Rating: 4/5
Honeymoonish
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MOUNTAINHEAD REVIEW
Starring: Ramy Youssef, Steve Carell, Jason Schwartzman
Director: Jesse Armstrong
Rating: 3.5/5
About Karol Nawrocki
• Supports military aid for Ukraine, unlike other eurosceptic leaders, but he will oppose its membership in western alliances.
• A nationalist, his campaign slogan was Poland First. "Let's help others, but let's take care of our own citizens first," he said on social media in April.
• Cultivates tough-guy image, posting videos of himself at shooting ranges and in boxing rings.
• Met Donald Trump at the White House and received his backing.
Schedule:
Friday, January 12: Six fourball matches
Saturday, January 13: Six foursome (alternate shot) matches
Sunday, January 14: 12 singles
Uefa Nations League: How it works
The Uefa Nations League, introduced last year, has reached its final stage, to be played over five days in northern Portugal. The format of its closing tournament is compact, spread over two semi-finals, with the first, Portugal versus Switzerland in Porto on Wednesday evening, and the second, England against the Netherlands, in Guimaraes, on Thursday.
The winners of each semi will then meet at Porto’s Dragao stadium on Sunday, with the losing semi-finalists contesting a third-place play-off in Guimaraes earlier that day.
Qualifying for the final stage was via League A of the inaugural Nations League, in which the top 12 European countries according to Uefa's co-efficient seeding system were divided into four groups, the teams playing each other twice between September and November. Portugal, who finished above Italy and Poland, successfully bid to host the finals.
Venom
Director: Ruben Fleischer
Cast: Tom Hardy, Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed
Rating: 1.5/5
Sholto Byrnes on Myanmar politics
Why seagrass matters
- Carbon sink: Seagrass sequesters carbon up to 35X faster than tropical rainforests
- Marine nursery: Crucial habitat for juvenile fish, crustations, and invertebrates
- Biodiversity: Support species like sea turtles, dugongs, and seabirds
- Coastal protection: Reduce erosion and improve water quality
RESULT
Huddersfield Town 2 Manchester United 1
Huddersfield: Mooy (28'), Depoitre (33')
Manchester United: Rashford (78')
Man of the Match: Aaron Mooy (Huddersfield Town)
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