The 2011 Arab uprisings had immediate and lasting impacts on governments across the Middle East, but Syria's descent into a decade of chaos, extremism and civil war was unexpected.
The conflict tore families apart, destroyed the economy and led to the rise and fall of one of the world's most extreme terrorist groups.
Here are the numbers:
Civilian death toll
The UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimates about 387,000 people have died since the war began in 2011.
About 100,000 people died of torture in government-run prisons and around 100,000 are still in jail, the Observatory says.
Another 200,000 people are missing, according to the war monitor.
Unemployment and poverty
The war has had a particular impact on poverty. The UN Development Programme said in July last year that 90 per cent of Syria's population was living below the poverty line.
It comes as no surprise that Syria recorded a 54 per cent unemployment rate in 2019, according to the UN's Humanitarian Needs Overview.
A record 12.4 million Syrians – nearly 60 per cent of the population – are now food insecure, new data from the UN World Food Programme found.
The Syrian pound has devalued by 98 per cent to the US dollar on the black market over the last decade. Food prices are 33 times higher compared to the five-year prewar average, the UN food agency said.
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Kurdish demonstrators hurl rocks at a Turkish military vehicle, during a joint Turkish-Russian patrol near the town of Al Muabbadah in the northeastern part of Hassakah in 2019. AFP -
A member of the Khabour Guards (MNK) Assyrian Syrian militia, affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), walks in the ruins of the Assyrian Church of the Virgin Mary, which was previously destroyed by ISIS. AFP -
Kamal, the father of an eight-year-old girl who was fatally wounded along with his son Hamed (sitting at left on background), cries while being treated in a local hospital in a rebel-controlled area of Aleppo in 2012. AFP -
A woman and her baby are seen through the scope of an opposition fighter sniper gun, as she flees the Saif Al Dawla neighbourhood of the Syrian northern city of Aleppo, amid heavy street fighting. AFP -
A woman cries as she looks at her house in Raqa, after a Kurdish-led force expelled the Islamic State group from the northern Syrian city in 2017. AFP -
A man carries a young girl who was injured in a reported barrel-bomb attack by government forces in Kallaseh district in the northern city of Aleppo in 2014. AFP -
A female Syrian soldier from the Republican Guard commando battalion fires a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) during clashes with rebels in the restive Jobar area, in eastern Damascus in 2015. AFP -
A woman reacts as she holds her daughter during an air strike by Syrian air force near her house in the Ahad neighbourhood of Aleppo in 2013. AFP -
A Kurdish Syrian woman walks with her child past the ruins of the town of Kobane, also known as Ain al-Arab. AFP
Internally displaced, again and again
Of the country's prewar population of 23 million, more than 6.7 million people have been displaced from their homes by fighting inside Syria, many living in camps after being displaced several times, the UN says.
Economic deterioration and hardship are increasingly driving Syrians out of their homes, but the number of displaced will be higher if large military operations resume, according to a report by the Norwegian Refugee Council.
The crisis has created more than five million refugees
Almost 5.6 million Syrians fled the conflict over the past 10 years, mainly seeking safety in neighbouring nations. At more than 3.5 million refugees, Turkey is hosting the largest number of Syrians, the UNHCR says.
The inflated number is largely due to a deal Turkey made with the EU in 2016, to take back migrants who arrived on the Greek islands by boat. The EU paid Turkey €6 billion ($7.15bn) for this service after more than a million refugees entered Europe, often in ramshackle boats from Turkey and North Africa, the year before. Thousands have died while attempting to make the journey to safety in the EU.
Lebanon, a small Mediterranean country with a population of about five million, hosts the highest concentration of refugees per capita, estimated at around one million. Most of them live in informal makeshift tent settlements spread out across Lebanon's Bekaa region, not far from the Syrian border.
Iraq and Jordan have also taken in huge numbers of refugees. Click the blue pins on the map above to see how many they are hosting.
As the years pass, many Syrians are beginning to put down roots in the nations they have fled to. More than one million Syrian refugee children have been born in exile since 2011.
The toll on children and young people
Almost 12,000 children have been killed in the conflict so far, lives tragically cut short by air strikes and ground fighting.
"That’s one child every eight hours over the past 10 years," said Unicef's Representative in Syria, Bo Viktor Nylund on Saturday. "As we all know, these are children that the UN was able to verify as having been killed or injured, and the actual numbers are likely to be much higher."
Life is incredibly difficult for those left behind. Many miss out on an education, live with hunger and more 5,700 children have been made to fight.
Inside Syria, there are 6.1 million children in need of assistance – that is 90 per cent of Syrian children, Unicef's Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa, Ted Chaiban said last week.
A UNHCR survey of 1,400 Syrians between the ages of 18-25 in Syria, Lebanon and Germany found that 16 per cent had at least one parent killed or seriously injured, and 12 per cent had themselves been injured in the conflict.
Education has also been effected. More than half (57 per cent) reported missing years of school, if they went at all.
A third of schools are in ruins or have been commandeered by fighters, Unicef said.
Path to peace
Attempts to bring the conflict to an end have thus far been futile, despite the UN Security Council adopting 23 resolutions on or largely related to Syria since 2012.
There have also been eight rounds of peace talks between 150 representatives of the Syrian government, opposition groups and civil society.
UN special envoy Geir Pedersen reiterated his disappointment to the council last month that after five rounds of preliminary discussions aimed at revising Syria's constitution, there has been no progress, hinting that the Syrian government delegation was to blame.
