Iraq’s Prime Minister Mustafa Al Kadhimi is facing monumental challenges, not least of which is the need to get the country out of a political deadlock that has left his caretaker government without a budget as it deals with the fallout from armed clashes surrounding the seat of government that occurred only a few weeks ago.
In his first interview since those violent clashes, Mr Al Kadhimi told The National that there was no choice but to pursue dialogue. He said the dialogue he was convening among different political groups was primarily focused on holding new elections, coupled with a new “compact” to ensure all sides respect their results.
In the meantime, his government faces major challenges, with Mr Al Kadhimi saying that “the political forces insist on not giving this government a chance”, including refusing to pass a full budget to enact major projects.
Asked about the solution to the political crisis, Mr Al Kadhimi said one word: “Dialogue”.
He went on to say that there are two options: either “we go towards a clash in a society that has tried all types of violence or an opportunity for dialogue”.
Since taking office more than two years ago, some of the primary concerns for Mr Al Kadhimi have been to limit the role of militias, reinforce security in the country and re-establish an effective state.
But two years in, he is dealing with emboldened militias and complete political gridlock. His critics say he should take a stand against the militias, but that could lead to more bloodshed.
“A thousand years of dialogue is better than one moment of killing,” he said.
He said it was high time to “divorce the violent past and a future built on true democratic values built not just on the ballot box votes”.
But dialogue takes time. Though time is not in Iraq’s favour with all the crises it faces, he said: “What other choice do we have?”
This October marks a year since Iraq held elections but it has since failed to form a new government and the political system has reached a complete impasse.
“Everyone agrees on early elections,” Mr Al Kadhimi said. However, new elections will need a road map.
“New elections need an agreement and building trust between the political elites, with processes that emerge from dialogue,” he continued.
“We need a new social compact that states that when there are elections. We don’t question their results and agree on respecting constitutional deadlines.”
The elections of October 2021 were deemed fair and representative by international observers and the UN, after being held according to a new electoral law that brought independent members of parliament to the legislative body for the first time.
Mr Al Kadhimi had strong words for politicians in his country.
“The political elites are the problem; they believe in the ballot box but don’t believe in the political order, or democratic values. Therefore any new agreement must be about elections with specific conditions and a new social compact that ensures the integrity of the elections and the implementation of their results.”
Despite his efforts, the leading political grouping that emerged from the last elections has withdrawn from the political process.
After his bloc gained 73 seats in the last parliamentary elections but was unable to form a government with his allies, Shiite cleric Moqtada Al Sadr had his MPs resign from parliament and he himself announced his retirement from political life.
However, Mr Al Kadhimi stressed the importance of Mr Al Sadr’s role in political life in Iraq. In response to a question about having Mr Al Sadr re-enter politics, he said: “Iraq has multiple political forces and Mr Al Sadr represents one of these primary forces, and let us be clear that having elections without the Sadrist movement, the elections will have a major deficit and will face a major challenge.”
The “Sadrist movement must be part of any coming elections”, he said.
The Iraqi government announced this week a major rehabilitation project for Sadr City, where many of Mr Al Sadr’s supporters hail from.
Asked if this was part of the efforts to incentivise Mr Al Sadr and his followers to re-enter politics, Mr Al Kadhimi stressed that was not the intention.
“The aim is not to convince one side of the other on political participation, rather as part of a public service, and I have overseen the rehabilitation of several areas in Baghdad,” he said. “The aim is to convince the citizen that the government is capable in delivering.”
Next year, Iraq will mark 20 years since the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein. Asked about this moment, Mr Al Kadhimi said: “We must reflect on where we made mistakes in the past 20 years, and we must reconcile among ourselves.
“We suffered from the previous regime but when we came to office, we became the victimisers. We should not repeat the mistakes of the past.”
As political leaders forge ahead in their discussions about new elections, the Iraqi public may choose to stay away. Voter turnout has been on the decline, with a little under 40 per cent of citizens participating in the October 2021 elections.
“We will have to convince the Iraqi voter to participate by stressing that the next government will come with full authorities, and that the next government will come to serve the people with news projects and fulfilled promises,” Mr Al Kadhimi said.
“We have to reinstitute the voters’ faith in the political system; the citizen has lost trust in the political system and lost trust in the political blocs.”
The prime minister, who did not participate in the last elections and does not have a political party, emphasised the need to “reconcile with our citizens before we reconcile within the political groups”. He repeated his criticism of most of the political parties in Iraq, saying “they have a mindset fixated on power and status”.
Iraq's Prime Minister Mustafa Al Kadhimi meets leaders in New York - in pictures
In addition to preparing for elections, Mr Al Kadhimi said the current political discussions in Iraq are aimed at dealing with complex files to improve the level of trust between the different sides. One such issue is that of displacement, as some Iraqis are still struggling to return to their homes due to “political roadblocks”.
While the political machinations continue in Baghdad, the spectre of violence is never far.
“We must focus on maintaining arms under the control of the state, and political parties must understand that,” Mr Al Kadhimi said.
“I must confess, we tried to do that for the past 28 months of this government but we did not find receptive political forces and there are those who work at obstructing returning the use of arms under the umbrella of the state.”
Iraq suffers from the presence of several militia groups who not only refuse to give up their arms, but also have attacked state institutions such as Iraqi army bases.
Mr Kadhimi said that some of these groups “use unrealistic excuses like the presence of an occupation, but we do not have an occupation in Iraq — the presence of foreign forces are based on the request of the Iraqi government”.
“I have tried but the political forces did not help me in achieving that, just like they have obstructed other matters, like that of having a budget; I only have six months' budget at a time,” he said.
Parliament has refused to pass a fully functioning budget, as Mr Al Kadhimi's is a caretaker government since last October’s elections.
“Despite all of this, we have carried out financial reforms, our reserves have gone up from $49 billion to $85bn, in addition to 50 tonnes of gold,” he said.
He stressed the success of his government’s reforms, although these came at a time of historically high oil prices which Iraq, as an oil producer, has benefited from.
“The dependence on oil has reduced from 96 per cent to 80 per cent of our budget,” he said.
With revenue up, particularly from oil, there are increased concerns about corruption and the siphoning off of Iraq’s riches. Iraq is 157th out of 180 countries on Transparency International’s rankings of global corruption.
“Our big challenge is corruption. We have fought corruption and the integrity committee has been accused all sorts of accusations by corrupt mafias working to stop building up this country at any cost,” Mr Al Kadhimi said.
While critics say little has been done to tackle corruption, Mr Al Kadhimi said: “We achieved a lot but there are vested interests that worked to stop the integrity committee.”
Sadr protests in Baghdad — in pictures
Another challenge is that of the disappeared in Iraq, some of whom were taken under the pretext of “fighting terrorism” at the height of sectarian tension several years ago, and others who were kidnapped during the protests of October 2019.
“Investigations are ongoing regarding the disappeared … we have been able to find those who took protesters [of October 2019] and last week we arrested a man who worked in one of the government entities and who played a large role in the kidnapping and assassination of protesters,” Mr Al Kadhimi said.
He also said that one of the men responsible for killing analyst Hisham Al Hashimi in the summer of 2020 has been arrested.
As for those who have been kidnapped, particularly from Sunni-majority provinces, Mr Al Kadhimi did not have clear numbers of how many there are.
“This matter has to do with some political parties who are part of the political process … some use this issue for corruption and political aims,” he said.
While refraining from going into detail, Mr Al Kadhimi made clear that there are political forces behind the disappearances of ordinary Iraqi citizens and that it is a matter his government is working to resolve.
Another challenge facing Iraq is that of climate change, which Mr Al Kadhimi sees as a major threat. Iraq’s continued flaring of gas hurts the environment and costs Iraq heavily as it has to import gas from Iran.
Responding to a question on the illogical approach to burning gas, Mr Al Kadhimi said: “This is part of irresponsible policies from past governments.
“My government is serious in dealing with this issue and we have a series of projects for gas capture.”
Mr Al Kadhimi made his anger about this issue clear.
“It is regrettable that Iraq planned on electricity plants running on gas, while burning its own gas and having to import gas which is sometimes used for political pressure or wasting Iraqi money,” he said.
“We need time, we have signed an important contract with Total for carbon capture, we also need to use renewable energy and adopt modern solutions.
“This is an important issue especially as Iraq is one of the world’s most impacted countries from climate change.”
Mustafa Al Kadhimi tours streets of Sadr City — in pictures
Iraq is also working on an electric grid project with neighbouring Arab countries, however some of these projects have been delayed.
“Let me be frank: there are those who are working to obstruct the government’s openness to our brothers in Arab countries; some are calling Gulf investments in Iraq Gulf imperialism,” he said.
However, Mr Al Kadhimi said these projects are vital.
“We are going to launch the power grid interconnection with Jordan within days, while our interconnection with Saudi Arabia is coming up, and the wider Iraq-GCC energy link will see Iraq becoming a transit point for Gulf energy supplies to Europe, within the next two years,” he said.
“This is part of ensuring close ties between Iraq and the Gulf states and maintaining the spirit of these ties.”
There are concerns that the closeness of these ties will be affected if a new government were to reject closer ties to Arab states.
“The loser here would be the Iraqi people … we should invest in the openness of the Arab Gulf countries to investing in Iraq and the opportunities for mutual benefit,” he said.
Speaking exclusively to The National in New York before he addressed the UN General Assembly, Mr Al Kadhimi stressed the importance of maintaining open relations with all sides.
His message to the international community was that “despite the political challenges, Iraq still represents an opportunity for the stability for the region and beyond”.
Mr Al Kadhimi has been integral to establishing strong diplomatic ties in the region and globally and oversaw the Baghdad Conference, which witnessed regional leaders and French President Emmanuel Macron meeting in August 2021. Another Baghdad conference will be held in Jordan soon, he said, and Iraq will continue in its diplomatic efforts.
The Iraqi prime minister met Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in New York and attended a number of high-level bilateral meetings, including with Mr Macron and Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.
When asked about Iraq’s relations with Iran, and the call of many Iraqi protesters for a limit on Iran’s influence and interference in the country, Mr Al Kadhimi responded diplomatically.
“Our relations with Iran must be built based on interests. Iraq has its own specific identity and the Iranians should understand that,” he said.
“Iraq has Arab and Muslim depths and we have to find a balance respecting our interests and non-interference in Iraq’s internal matters.”
Baghdad latest — in pictures
