DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - NOVEMBER 8:  People shopping in the recently opened Waitrose supermarket at the Dubai Mall in Dubai on November 8, 2008.  (Randi Sokoloff / The National)  To go with story by James Brennan. *** Local Caption ***  RS029-1108-Waitrose.jpg
The recently opened Waitrose supermarket at Dubai Mall boasts fresh fruit and vegetables from the UK and around the world, plus a wide range of the store's own-brand products.

A taste of home



Do you pine for pasta and pesto just like Mama used to make? Are you ­desperate for a thick slice of Double ­Gloucester, melted on an unfeasibly large wedge of toasted English farmhouse bread? Or perhaps you're ­hankering after Hershey's chocolate to complete that life-saving ­midmorning coffee break? Whichever part of the world we are from, be it Italy or England, India or the Philippines, we all fall prey to cravings for food from our home countries. And it doesn't matter how well we've adjusted our palates to the local cuisine, when the urge hits we need to do something about it - fast. The news that Waitrose has opened its first supermarket outside the UK at Dubai Mall has been music to many Britons' ears. Now they can buy more of the products that remind them of home. But what about everybody else? If you're fresh off the plane from Tokyo, where are you going to find a familiar brand of nori seaweed sheets and sushi rice to help you through those first hectic weeks? And if you're a Muscovite who's been settled here for years, when your yearning for a bountiful bowl of borscht reaches crisis point, how do you keep the hunger pangs at bay? Although restaurants serve food from almost every nation ­imaginable here in the UAE, we all need something in the cupboard or refrigerator to hit that homesick spot. Here is a round-up of some of the best shops, delicatessens, bakeries and supermarkets that can take your taste buds back home...

Once upon a time, British people in the UAE had to rely on Spinneys supermarkets to get their weekly fix of Waitrose goodies. But the opening of a 5140 sq m Waitrose store at Dubai Mall - and the promise of more to come in the UAE - gives homesick Britons a direct-access point for an even wider range of ­familiar foodstuffs. Despite being designed by a ­London-based consultancy to ­recreate the feel and ambience of the British branches, the new store sticks a bit too closely to the ­Spinneys formula to entirely ­satisfy Waitrose-obsessed ­expatriates. But it does offer a wider selection of dry goods. From reduced-sugar, high-fruit marmalade to ­Scottish chocolate shortbread and all-­butter onion and chive twists, there are hundreds of Waitrose-brand products available. As well as a ­variety of locally sourced items, a large fruit and vegetable ­market has English Bramley apples at Dh29.5 per kilo. The cookware section even has pots, pans and baking tins by John Lewis - in fact, everything you need to knock up a quintessentially ­British apple tart. Meanwhile, good old Marks & Spencer continues to dispense its trusted fare in both ­Dubai and Abu Dhabi - its ­digestive biscuits and fair-trade tea and ­coffee are a particular attraction. Waitrose, Dubai Mall (04 362 7500); Marks & Spencer, Festival City, ­Dubai (04 206 6466); Fotouh Al Khair ­Centre, Abu Dhabi (02 621 3646).

Dubai already has the world's tallest ­building, but it also has the safest bet for anybody in the UAE searching for food from the USA. Quite aptly for a city renowned for its superlatives, Safestway on Sheikh Zayed Road will steer you towards some classic American brands. If you fancy Tex-Mex, there are Taco Bell Home Originals Flour Tortillas. Meanwhile, for those with a sweet tooth there are Skippy ­peanut ­butter, Pillsbury cake mixes, Kool-Aid, Act II Popcorn and pretty much every flavour of Jell-O you can imagine - all in a kaleidoscope of vivid E-number-enriched colours. Safestway, Sheikh Zayed Road, ­Dubai (04 343 4050).

Since the vast majority of ­expatriates in the UAE come from the Indian subcontinent, it's little surprise that they are well catered for when it comes to food. Al Adil ­Supermarket was opened in Dubai in 1984 to serve the ­growing demand for South Asian products, and now there's a store in Abu Dhabi. Here you can pick up anything from urad dal and short-grain surti kolam rice, to Priya pickles and Ganesh Papads. For fresh fruit and vegetables, however, Lulu ­Hypermarket is hard to beat. The ­varieties of mango, from both ­India and Pakistan, are excellent. But it's the less obvious fruit - such as ­physalis (cape gooseberry), chickoo (sapodilla) and custard apples - that make Lulu stand out. One frustration that many an ­enthusiastic cook has faced is finding the right cut of chicken for ­curries - fortunately the branch of Emirates Supermarket on Hamdan Street in Abu Dhabi sells freshly cut joints that include the bones - ­crucial to strengthen the flavour. If something sweet is what you are after, Puranmal in Dubai is one of the best Indian sweet ­centres around. There's a dazzling array of colourful confectionery, from anjeer barfi (a small cake of figs and nuts) and laddoo (sugary ball-shaped sweets), to jalebi (deep-fried, pretzel-shaped orange sweets) and rasgulla (chenna cheese curd mixed with semolina and sugar, then boiled in syrup). Al Adil Supermarket, Electra, Abu Dhabi (02 676 1162); near Admiral Plaza Hotel, Bur Dubai (04 351 3124). Lulu Hypermarket at various ­locations in Abu Dhabi and Dubai (head office: 02 642 1800). ­Emirates Supermarket, Hamdan Street, Abu Dhabi. Puranmal (Trade Centre Road, ­Dubai (04 396 8486).

The secret of great Lebanese food lies in its freshness. Which is why Lebanese bakeries will always be busy in the UAE. One of the best in Abu Dhabi is Lebanon Flower. Tucked away in the backstreets of Khalidiya, this unassuming place bustles at all times of the day with expatriate Beirutis searching out the smells and flavours of home. It might be a simple packet of ­flatbread that hits the mark, but there's so much more here to ­explore. The za'atar and cheese manakish is baked to perfection while you wait, which gives you ­ample time to study the selection of sweets, from baklava with pistachio and honey syrup, to kanafa with cheese, syrup and nuts. In Dubai, Al Reef Lebanese ­Bakery has achieved near-legendary ­status as a late-night/early-morning stop-off for jaded partygoers and dedicated office workers alike. The bakery boasts some of the best bread in the emirate, as well as ­kibbe (teardrops of deep-fried lamb and bulgar wheat), and some excellent waraq enab (stuffed vine leaves) to go. For Lebanese staples, head to Al Mahmasa Al Lebnaneya in Abu Dhabi, where you'll find a fine ­selection of Lebanese coffee, kashkaval (sheep's milk cheese) and za'atar (a condiment of thyme, sweet marjoram, Syrian oregano and sesame seeds). Lebanon Flower, Khalidiya, Abu Dhabi (02 666 9928); Al Reef ­Lebanese Bakery, Za'abeel Road, Dubai (04 396 1980); Al Mahmasa Al Lebnaneya 13th Street between Al Najda and Al Salam across from the Etisalat ­Building, Abu Dhabi (02 677 7155).

There are few substitutes for ­genuine Japanese food, and while supermarkets like Spinneys do have small sections devoted to Japanese brands and products, the ­selection is often limited - and expensive. Give thanks, then, for Deans ­Fujiya Japanese Supermarket and its wide ­variety of comestibles, not to ­mention its kitchen and tableware. Its modest premises in Dubai's Oud Metha may not look promising from the outside, but its shelves are well stocked with little reminders of the land of the rising sun. A cup of Marukome green onion miso soup a day apparently keeps the doctor away (according to the on-pack blurb), while the Hikari yuzu-flavoured miso crackers are made with authentic mochigome glutinous rice. From the Shirakiku company, we found tempura batter mix and a bag of cut wakame seaweed to add to soup or ramen. We even added a cute little bottle of ume apricot drink to our basket and got change from Dh80. In Abu Dhabi, meanwhile, ­Abela Superstore stocks all kinds of ­Japanese goodies from mirin to bonito flakes. Deans Fujiya Japanese Supermarket, Oud Metha, Dubai (04 337 0503); Abela Superstore, Corniche Road, Abu Dhabi (02 667 4675).

You wait all day to find a specialist food shop, and then two crop up within a blini's throw of each other. Just across the street from Deans ­Fujiya in Oud Metha is a little Russian deli with a big heart. Russian Food does exactly what it says on the sign, and for those of you who are not from Russia but feeling ­adventurous, the staff speak only a smattering of English and hardly any Arabic. Nevertheless, the deli counter ­displays a variety of cured meats and dried fish, while the shelves buckle beneath a stack of tinned fish, such as kilka and bichki in tomato sauce. You'll also ­find jars of pickled dill, Russian-style and pickled cabbage to go with your cold cuts. Priyatnogo appetita, as they say in Russia. Russian Food, Oud Metha, Dubai (04 337 2055).

Filipino cuisine may have been ­influenced by the Chinese, the Spanish and the Americans over the years, but it retains a strong ­local flavour that's totally unique. On an unremarkable street ­corner in the Satwa area of Dubai, ­Philippine Supermarket keeps ­local Pinoys well supplied with food from their homeland. Here you'll find Barrio Fiesta sauteed shrimp paste, Star garlic margarine, ­Takami Quick & Easy bihon noodles, Boy Bawang garlic-flavour corn snacks, Ding Dong mixed nuts and peas and jars of halo-halo (a traditional dessert with mung beans, sweetcorn, coconut gel and jackfruit). At the fresh produce counter, ­distinctively coloured with deep-purple dye, are salted duck eggs, and occasionally you'll find the ­infamous balut eggs, which contain the whole duck embryos - beak, feathers, claws and all. Philippine Supermarket, Satwa, ­Dubai (04 345 0178).

Both Abu Dhabi and Dubai have their fair share of Italian restaurants, but as any Italian will tell you, food isn't just for eating, it's for cooking too. Only when you prepare your own food can you add the most vital ingredient in Italian cuisine: passion. And for that to happen, the rest of the ingredients have to be ­authentic and of a high quality. Prego's delicatessen occupies a small nook at the entrance of the restaurant of the same name, but what it lacks in size, it most certainly makes up for in quality. You'll find the Ursini brand of pestos, including a cipolla rossa di Toscana variety made with red onions, and a zucca gialla ­pesto, made with a green pumpkin or squash with yellow flesh. There's also Tentazioni balsamic vinegar, De Cecco extra virgin olive oil and Villa Monte Vibiano salad dressing. And what better way to end the meal than with a cup of Illy espresso and a Venchi chocolate cigar, made with praline and dark chocolate. Sure, it's not cheap, but sometimes it's just worth it. Prego's delicatessen, Beach Rotana Hotel, Abu Dhabi (02 644 3000).

Gallic gourmets are not forgotten, either. Branches of Paul's cafe chain offer the same standard of tarte au citron as you can pick up on the Boulevard St Michel. Lenôtre Paris in Jumeirah, Dubai and at Fotouh Al Khair Mall on Hamdan Street in Abu Dhabi ­provides breakfast jam, toffees and sugared ­almonds. ­Although the recently opened branch of La Duree at DIFC means that one is now spoiled for sweet choice, especially with their sought-after macaroons. For more practical items, Hediard stocks good ­coffee and Carrefour provides all manner of French ­delights, from own-brand yogurts to tins of confit de ­canard and Labeyrie foie gras. Paul, Burjuman Centre, Dubai (04 351 7009; Garhoud (04 283 2304); Mall of the Emirates (04 341 4844); Lenôtre Paris, Fotouh Al Khair Mall, Abu Dhabi (02 621 9888); Jumeirah Beach Road (04 349 4433); La Duree, DIFC, Dubai, (04 363 7394). Hediard, Marina Mall, Abu Dhabi (02 681 6131); BurJuman Centre, Dubai (04 297 3000).
jbrennan@thenational.ae

Confirmed bouts (more to be added)

Cory Sandhagen v Umar Nurmagomedov
Nick Diaz v Vicente Luque
Michael Chiesa v Tony Ferguson
Deiveson Figueiredo v Marlon Vera
Mackenzie Dern v Loopy Godinez

Tickets for the August 3 Fight Night, held in partnership with the Department of Culture and Tourism Abu Dhabi, went on sale earlier this month, through www.etihadarena.ae and www.ticketmaster.ae.

ARGYLLE

Director: Matthew Vaughn

Starring: Bryce Dallas Howard, Sam Rockwell, John Cena

Rating: 3/5

SCORES

Yorkshire Vikings 144-1 in 12.5 overs
(Tom Kohler 72 not out, Harry Broook 42 not out)
bt Hobart Hurricanes 140-7 in 20 overs
(Caleb Jewell 38, Sean Willis 35, Karl Carver 2-29, Josh Shaw 2-39)

Top 10 in the F1 drivers' standings

1. Sebastian Vettel, Ferrari 202 points

2. Lewis Hamilton, Mercedes-GP 188

3. Valtteri Bottas, Mercedes-GP 169

4. Daniel Ricciardo, Red Bull Racing 117

5. Kimi Raikkonen, Ferrari 116

6. Max Verstappen, Red Bull Racing 67

7. Sergio Perez, Force India 56

8. Esteban Ocon, Force India 45

9. Carlos Sainz Jr, Toro Rosso 35

10. Nico Hulkenberg, Renault 26

COMPANY PROFILE

Company name: Co Chocolat

Started: 2017

Founders: Iman and Luchie Suguitan

Based: Dubai, UAE

Industry: Food

Funding: $1 million-plus

Investors: Fahad bin Juma, self-funding, family and friends

COMPANY PROFILE

Company: Eco Way
Started: December 2023
Founder: Ivan Kroshnyi
Based: Dubai, UAE
Industry: Electric vehicles
Investors: Bootstrapped with undisclosed funding. Looking to raise funds from outside

The specs

Engine: 6.5-litre V12
Power: 725hp at 7,750rpm
Torque: 716Nm at 6,250rpm
Transmission: 8-speed dual-clutch auto
On sale: Q4 2023
Price: From Dh1,650,000

AndhaDhun

Director: Sriram Raghavan

Producer: Matchbox Pictures, Viacom18

Cast: Ayushmann Khurrana, Tabu, Radhika Apte, Anil Dhawan

Rating: 3.5/5

SPECS

Engine: 1.5-litre turbo

Power: 181hp

Torque: 230Nm

Transmission: 6-speed automatic

Starting price: Dh79,000

On sale: Now

Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.

Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.

Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.

Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.

“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.

Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.

From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.

Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.

BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.

Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.

Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.

“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.

Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.

“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.

“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”

The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”

Name: Peter Dicce

Title: Assistant dean of students and director of athletics

Favourite sport: soccer

Favourite team: Bayern Munich

Favourite player: Franz Beckenbauer

Favourite activity in Abu Dhabi: scuba diving in the Northern Emirates 

 

match info

Union Berlin 0

Bayern Munich 1 (Lewandowski 40' pen, Pavard 80')

Man of the Match: Benjamin Pavard (Bayern Munich)

Top 10 most competitive economies

1. Singapore
2. Switzerland
3. Denmark
4. Ireland
5. Hong Kong
6. Sweden
7. UAE
8. Taiwan
9. Netherlands
10. Norway

SPECS

Engine: 2-litre direct injection turbo
Transmission: 7-speed automatic
Power: 261hp
Torque: 400Nm
Price: From Dh134,999

Tips for holiday homeowners

There are several factors for landlords to consider when preparing to establish a holiday home:

  • Revenue potential of the unit: location, view and size
  • Design: furnished or unfurnished. Is the design up to standard, while being catchy at the same time?
  • Business model: will it be managed by a professional operator or directly by the owner, how often does the owner wants to use it for personal reasons?
  • Quality of the operator: guest reviews, customer experience management, application of technology, average utilisation, scope of services rendered

Source: Adam Nowak, managing director of Ultimate Stay Vacation Homes Rental

Quick pearls of wisdom

Focus on gratitude: And do so deeply, he says. “Think of one to three things a day that you’re grateful for. It needs to be specific, too, don’t just say ‘air.’ Really think about it. If you’re grateful for, say, what your parents have done for you, that will motivate you to do more for the world.”

Know how to fight: Shetty married his wife, Radhi, three years ago (he met her in a meditation class before he went off and became a monk). He says they’ve had to learn to respect each other’s “fighting styles” – he’s a talk it-out-immediately person, while she needs space to think. “When you’re having an argument, remember, it’s not you against each other. It’s both of you against the problem. When you win, they lose. If you’re on a team you have to win together.” 

The Beekeeper

Director: David Ayer 

Starring: Jason Statham, Josh Hutcherson, Emmy Raver-Lampman, Minnie Driver, Jeremy Irons

Rating: 3/5

Juliot Vinolia’s checklist for adopting alternate-day fasting

-      Don’t do it more than once in three days

-      Don’t go under 700 calories on fasting days

-      Ensure there is sufficient water intake, as the body can go in dehydration mode

-      Ensure there is enough roughage (fibre) in the food on fasting days as well

-      Do not binge on processed or fatty foods on non-fasting days

-      Complement fasting with plant-based foods, fruits, vegetables, seafood. Cut out processed meats and processed carbohydrates

-      Manage your sleep

-      People with existing gastric or mental health issues should avoid fasting

-      Do not fast for prolonged periods without supervision by a qualified expert

THE HOLDOVERS

Director: Alexander Payne

Starring: Paul Giamatti, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Dominic Sessa

Rating: 4.5/5

How will Gen Alpha invest?

Mark Chahwan, co-founder and chief executive of robo-advisory firm Sarwa, forecasts that Generation Alpha (born between 2010 and 2024) will start investing in their teenage years and therefore benefit from compound interest.

“Technology and education should be the main drivers to make this happen, whether it’s investing in a few clicks or their schools/parents stepping up their personal finance education skills,” he adds.

Mr Chahwan says younger generations have a higher capacity to take on risk, but for some their appetite can be more cautious because they are investing for the first time. “Schools still do not teach personal finance and stock market investing, so a lot of the learning journey can feel daunting and intimidating,” he says.

He advises millennials to not always start with an aggressive portfolio even if they can afford to take risks. “We always advise to work your way up to your risk capacity, that way you experience volatility and get used to it. Given the higher risk capacity for the younger generations, stocks are a favourite,” says Mr Chahwan.

Highlighting the role technology has played in encouraging millennials and Gen Z to invest, he says: “They were often excluded, but with lower account minimums ... a customer with $1,000 [Dh3,672] in their account has their money working for them just as hard as the portfolio of a high get-worth individual.”

Pakistanis at the ILT20

The new UAE league has been boosted this season by the arrival of five Pakistanis, who were not released to play last year.

Shaheen Afridi (Desert Vipers)
Set for at least four matches, having arrived from New Zealand where he captained Pakistan in a series loss.

Shadab Khan (Desert Vipers)
The leg-spin bowling allrounder missed the tour of New Zealand after injuring an ankle when stepping on a ball.

Azam Khan (Desert Vipers)
Powerhouse wicketkeeper played three games for Pakistan on tour in New Zealand. He was the first Pakistani recruited to the ILT20.

Mohammed Amir (Desert Vipers)
Has made himself unavailable for national duty, meaning he will be available for the entire ILT20 campaign.

Imad Wasim (Abu Dhabi Knight Riders)
The left-handed allrounder, 35, retired from international cricket in November and was subsequently recruited by the Knight Riders.

Dunki

Director: Rajkumar Hirani 

Starring: Shah Rukh Khan, Taapsee Pannu, Vikram Kochhar and Anil Grover

Rating: 4/5

The Limehouse Golem
Director: Juan Carlos Medina
Cast: Olivia Cooke, Bill Nighy, Douglas Booth
Three stars

Women’s T20 World Cup Qualifier

UAE fixtures

25 April – Ireland v UAE*
27 April – UAE v Zimbabwe**
29 April – Netherlands v UAE*
3 May – UAE v Vanuatu*
5 May – Semi-finals
7 May – Final
UAE squad: Esha Oza (captain), Al Maseera Jahangir, Avanee Patel, Heena Hotchandani, Indhuja Nandakumar, Kavisha Kumari, Khushi Sharma, Lavanya Keny, Mehak Thakur, Rinitha Rajith, Samaira Dharnidharka, Siya Gokhale, Suraksha Kotte, Theertha Satish, Vaishnave Mahesh.

*Zayed Cricket Stadium

**Tolerance Oval

What is blockchain?

Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, a digital system in which data is recorded across multiple places at the same time. Unlike traditional databases, DLTs have no central administrator or centralised data storage. They are transparent because the data is visible and, because they are automatically replicated and impossible to be tampered with, they are secure.

The main difference between blockchain and other forms of DLT is the way data is stored as ‘blocks’ – new transactions are added to the existing ‘chain’ of past transactions, hence the name ‘blockchain’. It is impossible to delete or modify information on the chain due to the replication of blocks across various locations.

Blockchain is mostly associated with cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Due to the inability to tamper with transactions, advocates say this makes the currency more secure and safer than traditional systems. It is maintained by a network of people referred to as ‘miners’, who receive rewards for solving complex mathematical equations that enable transactions to go through.

However, one of the major problems that has come to light has been the presence of illicit material buried in the Bitcoin blockchain, linking it to the dark web.

Other blockchain platforms can offer things like smart contracts, which are automatically implemented when specific conditions from all interested parties are reached, cutting the time involved and the risk of mistakes. Another use could be storing medical records, as patients can be confident their information cannot be changed. The technology can also be used in supply chains, voting and has the potential to used for storing property records.

Vikram Vedha

Directors: Gayatri, Pushkar

Stars: Hrithik Roshan, Saif Ali Khan, Radhika Apte

Rating: 3.5/5

COMPANY PROFILE

Name: Xpanceo

Started: 2018

Founders: Roman Axelrod, Valentyn Volkov

Based: Dubai, UAE

Industry: Smart contact lenses, augmented/virtual reality

Funding: $40 million

Investor: Opportunity Venture (Asia)

COMPANY PROFILE

Name: SmartCrowd
Started: 2018
Founder: Siddiq Farid and Musfique Ahmed
Based: Dubai
Sector: FinTech / PropTech
Initial investment: $650,000
Current number of staff: 35
Investment stage: Series A
Investors: Various institutional investors and notable angel investors (500 MENA, Shurooq, Mada, Seedstar, Tricap)

Company Profile

Company name: Cargoz
Date started: January 2022
Founders: Premlal Pullisserry and Lijo Antony
Based: Dubai
Number of staff: 30
Investment stage: Seed