If you are a foodie and love experimenting with flavours, how does a shrimp and egg salad sound for lunch? Or a tender juicy steak, just out of the oven, topped with a dollop of cheddar or Camembert, to be precise. And did you know mushrooms go smashingly well with nearly every common fruit, from apples to apricots and even coconut?
These food pairings may sound unappealing or at least unusual to most people, but Dr Ganesh Bagler of the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, says otherwise – and he has the data and research to show for it.
Can we encode the intelligence of a chef into a computer, or can a computer fool a chef into thinking a recipe is real?
The computational gastronomy expert has taken the food and drink industry by storm with his ground-breaking work on flavour molecules and its corresponding database, FlavorDB.
His laboratory has also developed DietRX, an archive of nearly 2,000 foods, their chemical and genetic compositions, and their effect on health, which can enable culinary and drug interventions. (Ayurvedic diets are a historically important example of the belief in healing via appropriate foods.)
“The power of data and food together is magic,” says Bagler.
Already, chefs such as Garima Arora of Restaurant Gaa in Bangkok, are using Bagler's research to fuel their own food experiments. "What I find amazing about Bagler's research is that his approach actually enables us to know exactly what makes up a cuisine – the things that make Indian cuisine Indian," Arora, who is the first Indian woman with a Michelin star to her name, tells The National.
“Once we have that knowledge, we can truly get to the main taste of a cuisine, which will help us do away with the flavours and ingredients we don’t need.”
Bagler’s work is also critical to Arora’s Food Forward India, a non-profit initiative that aims to broaden the narrative around Indian food. “It fits into the framework by being a forward-thinking initiative, one that serves the purpose of codifying a cuisine, and identifying, quantitatively, its identity,” says project manager Matylda Grzelak.
Bagler, who is now considered the pioneer of computational gastronomy in India, credits curiosity for his success. Having studied various subjects from graduation through to postdoctoral studies – quantum mechanics, computer science, computational biology, computational neuroscience and molecular genetics – Bagler returned to India in 2010 following a stint at Berlin’s Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics.
He joined the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology at Palampur as a researcher, and worked on medicinal plants in the western Himalayas, and on diseases such as cancer and asthma. But it was not enough.
“I like to explain things; I’m a teacher,” he says. This led him to the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur and finally IIIT-Delhi.
How Heston Blumenthal kickstarted his work in food
Bagler's foray into gastronomy happened when he came across a 2011 paper that took off from British chef Heston Blumenthal’s food-pairing hypothesis: foods that share flavour molecules will taste better together than those that do not.
For example, chocolate and blue cheese taste great together because they share 73 flavours (Blumenthal’s interest was piqued when he paired white chocolate and caviar, and hit the right notes). This led to companies such as Foodpairing, which present thousands of combinations of ingredients for chefs to experiment with.
“Historically speaking, dishes have evolved over millennia from single-ingredient meals to complex ones,” says Bagler. “Cooking techniques and creative expression aside, why are some ingredients used together and others not?” This was one of the critical questions that led Bagler to expand his research. “Food science has been around, but it explored aspects such as the shelf life of foods or how to enhance sensory enjoyment. Now, people are looking at food from a data perspective.”
What Bagler did differently was focus on Indian food, which he found is different from other cuisines because of the spices. Breaking down a collection of the late, celebrated Indian chef Tarla Dalal’s recipes, Bagler realised that spices form the basis of food-pairing in Indian cuisine. Having divided various foods into 26 categories – vegetables, dairy, lentils, meats, etc – he saw that mixing up items across all other sections did not cause too much of a shift in flavour, but when the spices were shuffled, the taste changed entirely.
Spices are the molecular fulcrum of Indian food
For example, you could replace spinach with fenugreek leaves in palak paneer and there would not be much change in the dish, but if you replaced turmeric with cinnamon, the very essence of the preparation alters. “Spices are the molecular fulcrum of Indian food,” says Bagler.
Flavour technology rather than food technology
In 2015, Bagler and his team of researchers sent this study to international science journals, which uploaded it to an open server where it was picked up by MIT Tech Review. This changed Bagler’s life. “I only understood the academic value of this work, not its futuristic value,” he says. “It took me a year to understand that this had led to the creation of a new field of study, and now, over the past five years, I’ve been developing the foundations of this area.”
From 2,543 of Dalal’s recipes to nearly 158,000 global recipes, Bagler’s database has expanded exponentially. Not only is the data free to access on various websites and apps, but the information is also provided in excruciating detail, from the scientific names of elements to a comprehensive flavour network, possible pairings and health benefits. Bagler is also due to launch RecipeDB at a conference – postponed amid the Covid-19 crisis – where a massive collection of structured recipes will be available for everyone from chefs and cooking enthusiasts, to restaurateurs, multinationals and scientific organisations to use freely.
“People know food technology, but they do not know about flavour technology,” says Deepika Nadiminti, a flavourist at Mane India, which develops flavours for the dairy, confectionery and drinks industries. “Bagler’s database is an all-in-one resource, where we can identify everything from flavour molecules to physical and chemical properties, and experiment easily,” she says.
While Bagler consults for institutions such as the Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Symbiosis School of Culinary Arts, as well as a range of multinationals, chefs also swear by his research, which has “significantly reduced time spent on developing new dishes”, says Akshay Malhotra, a chef, food consultant and former student of the Culinary Institute of America.
“FlavorDB will help us to understand the science behind Indian food, and it is only the beginning of how artificial intelligence will influence the food industry,” he says.
This aspect is also key to Bagler’s future experiments. “Can we encode the intelligence of a chef into a computer, or can a computer fool a chef into thinking a recipe is real?” says Malhotra.
Can human creativity, which is at the heart of cooking, be reproduced using AI? It remains to be seen. For now, Malhotra’s observations pertain to FlavorDB complementing chefs’ instincts about pairing ingredients.
As celebrity chefs Manjit Gill and Akshraj Jodha describe Bagler's work, he is successfully quantifying the knowledge that, until now, was only intuitively available to a cook – and everyone from chefs and diners to scientists will benefit from it.
Tax authority targets shisha levy evasion
The Federal Tax Authority will track shisha imports with electronic markers to protect customers and ensure levies have been paid.
Khalid Ali Al Bustani, director of the tax authority, on Sunday said the move is to "prevent tax evasion and support the authority’s tax collection efforts".
The scheme’s first phase, which came into effect on 1st January, 2019, covers all types of imported and domestically produced and distributed cigarettes. As of May 1, importing any type of cigarettes without the digital marks will be prohibited.
He said the latest phase will see imported and locally produced shisha tobacco tracked by the final quarter of this year.
"The FTA also maintains ongoing communication with concerned companies, to help them adapt their systems to meet our requirements and coordinate between all parties involved," he said.
As with cigarettes, shisha was hit with a 100 per cent tax in October 2017, though manufacturers and cafes absorbed some of the costs to prevent prices doubling.
If you go
The flights
There are various ways of getting to the southern Serengeti in Tanzania from the UAE. The exact route and airstrip depends on your overall trip itinerary and which camp you’re staying at.
Flydubai flies direct from Dubai to Kilimanjaro International Airport from Dh1,350 return, including taxes; this can be followed by a short flight from Kilimanjaro to the Serengeti with Coastal Aviation from about US$700 (Dh2,500) return, including taxes. Kenya Airways, Emirates and Etihad offer flights via Nairobi or Dar es Salaam.
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Madrid Open schedule
Men's semi-finals
Novak Djokovic (1) v Dominic Thiem (5) from 6pm
Stefanos Tsitsipas (8) v Rafael Nadal (2) from 11pm
Women's final
Simona Halep (3) v Kiki Bertens (7) from 8.30pm
Who has been sanctioned?
Daniella Weiss and Nachala
Described as 'the grandmother of the settler movement', she has encouraged the expansion of settlements for decades. The 79 year old leads radical settler movement Nachala, whose aim is for Israel to annex Gaza and the occupied West Bank, where it helps settlers built outposts.
Harel Libi & Libi Construction and Infrastructure
Libi has been involved in threatening and perpetuating acts of aggression and violence against Palestinians. His firm has provided logistical and financial support for the establishment of illegal outposts.
Zohar Sabah
Runs a settler outpost named Zohar’s Farm and has previously faced charges of violence against Palestinians. He was indicted by Israel’s State Attorney’s Office in September for allegedly participating in a violent attack against Palestinians and activists in the West Bank village of Muarrajat.
Coco’s Farm and Neria’s Farm
These are illegal outposts in the West Bank, which are at the vanguard of the settler movement. According to the UK, they are associated with people who have been involved in enabling, inciting, promoting or providing support for activities that amount to “serious abuse”.
The biog
Marital status: Separated with two young daughters
Education: Master's degree from American Univeristy of Cairo
Favourite book: That Is How They Defeat Despair by Salwa Aladian
Favourite Motto: Their happiness is your happiness
Goal: For Nefsy to become his legacy long after he is gon
ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS
- Carbonated drinks, sweet or savoury packaged snacks, confectionery, mass-produced packaged breads and buns
- margarines and spreads; cookies, biscuits, pastries, cakes, and cake mixes, breakfast cereals, cereal and energy bars;
- energy drinks, milk drinks, fruit yoghurts and fruit drinks, cocoa drinks, meat and chicken extracts and instant sauces
- infant formulas and follow-on milks, health and slimming products such as powdered or fortified meal and dish substitutes,
- many ready-to-heat products including pre-prepared pies and pasta and pizza dishes, poultry and fish nuggets and sticks, sausages, burgers, hot dogs, and other reconstituted meat products, powdered and packaged instant soups, noodles and desserts.
Defence review at a glance
• Increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 but given “turbulent times it may be necessary to go faster”
• Prioritise a shift towards working with AI and autonomous systems
• Invest in the resilience of military space systems.
• Number of active reserves should be increased by 20%
• More F-35 fighter jets required in the next decade
• New “hybrid Navy” with AUKUS submarines and autonomous vessels
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How to avoid crypto fraud
- Use unique usernames and passwords while enabling multi-factor authentication.
- Use an offline private key, a physical device that requires manual activation, whenever you access your wallet.
- Avoid suspicious social media ads promoting fraudulent schemes.
- Only invest in crypto projects that you fully understand.
- Critically assess whether a project’s promises or returns seem too good to be true.
- Only use reputable platforms that have a track record of strong regulatory compliance.
- Store funds in hardware wallets as opposed to online exchanges.
Volvo ES90 Specs
Engine: Electric single motor (96kW), twin motor (106kW) and twin motor performance (106kW)
Power: 333hp, 449hp, 680hp
Torque: 480Nm, 670Nm, 870Nm
On sale: Later in 2025 or early 2026, depending on region
Price: Exact regional pricing TBA
The specs
Engine: 3.0-litre six-cylinder turbo
Power: 398hp from 5,250rpm
Torque: 580Nm at 1,900-4,800rpm
Transmission: Eight-speed auto
Fuel economy, combined: 6.5L/100km
On sale: December
Price: From Dh330,000 (estimate)
Know before you go
- Jebel Akhdar is a two-hour drive from Muscat airport or a six-hour drive from Dubai. It’s impossible to visit by car unless you have a 4x4. Phone ahead to the hotel to arrange a transfer.
- If you’re driving, make sure your insurance covers Oman.
- By air: Budget airlines Air Arabia, Flydubai and SalamAir offer direct routes to Muscat from the UAE.
- Tourists from the Emirates (UAE nationals not included) must apply for an Omani visa online before arrival at evisa.rop.gov.om. The process typically takes several days.
- Flash floods are probable due to the terrain and a lack of drainage. Always check the weather before venturing into any canyons or other remote areas and identify a plan of escape that includes high ground, shelter and parking where your car won’t be overtaken by sudden downpours.
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Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
Some of Darwish's last words
"They see their tomorrows slipping out of their reach. And though it seems to them that everything outside this reality is heaven, yet they do not want to go to that heaven. They stay, because they are afflicted with hope." - Mahmoud Darwish, to attendees of the Palestine Festival of Literature, 2008
His life in brief: Born in a village near Galilee, he lived in exile for most of his life and started writing poetry after high school. He was arrested several times by Israel for what were deemed to be inciteful poems. Most of his work focused on the love and yearning for his homeland, and he was regarded the Palestinian poet of resistance. Over the course of his life, he published more than 30 poetry collections and books of prose, with his work translated into more than 20 languages. Many of his poems were set to music by Arab composers, most significantly Marcel Khalife. Darwish died on August 9, 2008 after undergoing heart surgery in the United States. He was later buried in Ramallah where a shrine was erected in his honour.
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The view from The National
Palestine and Israel - live updates
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
So what is Spicy Chickenjoy?
Just as McDonald’s has the Big Mac, Jollibee has Spicy Chickenjoy – a piece of fried chicken that’s crispy and spicy on the outside and comes with a side of spaghetti, all covered in tomato sauce and topped with sausage slices and ground beef. It sounds like a recipe that a child would come up with, but perhaps that’s the point – a flavourbomb combination of cheap comfort foods. Chickenjoy is Jollibee’s best-selling product in every country in which it has a presence.
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The specs: 2019 Haval H6
Price, base: Dh69,900
Engine: 2.0-litre turbocharged four-cylinder
Transmission: Seven-speed automatic
Power: 197hp @ 5,500rpm
Torque: 315Nm @ 2,000rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 7.0L / 100km
Fight Night
FIGHT NIGHT
Four title fights:
Amir Khan v Billy Dib - WBC International title
Hughie Fury v Samuel Peter - Heavyweight co-main event
Dave Penalosa v Lerato Dlamini - WBC Silver title
Prince Patel v Michell Banquiz - IBO World title
Six undercard bouts:
Michael Hennessy Jr v Abdul Julaidan Fatah
Amandeep Singh v Shakhobidin Zoirov
Zuhayr Al Qahtani v Farhad Hazratzada
Lolito Sonsona v Isack Junior
Rodrigo Caraballo v Sajid Abid
Ali Kiydin v Hemi Ahio
Thank You for Banking with Us
Director: Laila Abbas
Starring: Yasmine Al Massri, Clara Khoury, Kamel El Basha, Ashraf Barhoum
Rating: 4/5
UAE%20medallists%20at%20Asian%20Games%202023
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Game Changer
Director: Shankar
Stars: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani, Anjali, S J Suryah, Jayaram
Rating: 2/5
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Racecard
6pm: The Pointe - Conditions (TB) Dh82,500 (Turf) 1,400m
6.35pm: Palm West Beach - Maiden (TB) Dh82,500 (T) 1,800m
7.10pm: The View at the Palm - Handicap (TB) Dh85,000 (Dirt) 1,400m
7.45pm: Nakeel Graduate Stakes - Conditions (TB) Dh100,000 (T) 1,600m
8.20pm: Club Vista Mare - Handicap (TB) Dh95,000 (D) 1,900m
8.55pm: The Palm Fountain - Handicap (TB) Dh95,000 (D) 1,200m
9.30pm: The Palm Tower - Handicap (TB) Dh87,500 (T) 1,600m
MATCH INFO
Barcelona 2
Suarez (10'), Messi (52')
Real Madrid 2
Ronaldo (14'), Bale (72')
The five pillars of Islam
Other must-tries
Tomato and walnut salad
A lesson in simple, seasonal eating. Wedges of tomato, chunks of cucumber, thinly sliced red onion, coriander or parsley leaves, and perhaps some fresh dill are drizzled with a crushed walnut and garlic dressing. Do consider yourself warned: if you eat this salad in Georgia during the summer months, the tomatoes will be so ripe and flavourful that every tomato you eat from that day forth will taste lacklustre in comparison.
Badrijani nigvzit
A delicious vegetarian snack or starter. It consists of thinly sliced, fried then cooled aubergine smothered with a thick and creamy walnut sauce and folded or rolled. Take note, even though it seems like you should be able to pick these morsels up with your hands, they’re not as durable as they look. A knife and fork is the way to go.
Pkhali
This healthy little dish (a nice antidote to the khachapuri) is usually made with steamed then chopped cabbage, spinach, beetroot or green beans, combined with walnuts, garlic and herbs to make a vegetable pâté or paste. The mix is then often formed into rounds, chilled in the fridge and topped with pomegranate seeds before being served.