Space-based solar satellites that might look similar to this rendering would seek to harvest the nearly constant sunlight that is found in high orbit above the Earth. Courtesy Mafic Studios
Space-based solar satellites that might look similar to this rendering would seek to harvest the nearly constant sunlight that is found in high orbit above the Earth. Courtesy Mafic Studios

Solar energy plan no space oddity



Ambitious teams of scientists have long toiled behind the scenes on various missions to space.

But even before they helped put a man on the moon back in 1969, one of their own had concocted another complex plan.

Peter Glaser, who worked with Nasa on numerous experiments carried out in space or on the moon, is credited as the first person to have proposed a method for creating space-based energy that could be beamed back to earth.

He did so back in 1968 and received a patent for his idea five years later. His concept, in short, was to have a satellite that could harness solar energy from the sun, convert it into microwave frequencies and then zap it back as energy to the earth's surface, according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a professional group.

"There it would be collected by special antennas, electronically converted back to low frequencies or direct current, and used to supplement existing earth-bound power plants," says the IEEE.

Currently, the cost to produce electricity is still much more expensive in space than on Earth. It costs about US$100 per kilowatt hour up in space versus about 10 cents down here.

"So if the cost of power in space is 1,000 times higher, how in the world are we ever going to do anything ambitious in space?" says John Mankins, the president of Artemis Innovation Management Solutions, a consultancy that has studied the prospects of space-based solar power.

"There will never be factories or colonies in space, or anything that represents anything ambitious without a lot more energy and a lot lower price," Mr Mankins says.

That is where scientists hope research and development that looks at the prospects of space-based solar power, as well as a bit of lobbying, can come into play.

Many moons ago, Philip Chapman worked as a research scientist alongside Mr Glaser. Mr Chapman is now the chairman for Solar High, a group of senior - and mostly retired - aerospace specialists who formed the group some years back to promote the research and development efforts behind solar powered satellites.

Some of their work has included producing research papers with technical and market information about the state of space-based solar power, which they have shared with policymakers in the US Congress. Others within the group have attended international conferences and discussed the growing need for alternative fuel sources such as this, particularly as the demand for energy around the world rises.

"Several of us in the group were involved in the original study and are still interested," says Mr Chapman.

"It's a clean source of electric power, and if we can build them in a price competitive way we get an extra benefit from them."

Analysts agree there are certain advantages of using solar technology in space versus on earth.

"The appeal is it's more efficient in being able to capture more sunlight in terms of hours of the day," says Michael Barker, a senior analyst with the NPD Group, a market research firm.

One of the issues with trying to tap the sun's rays from earth for power is that they are not always shining — namely at night, or when the sky is overcast.

"So space-based solar power has a significant advantage, because in space if you go to a high enough orbit the sun shines constantly," says Mr Mankins.

But some analysts warn the concept has yet to be proven within the global energy sector, as solar farms have still not been established in space.

"It's not making an impact on the industry currently," Mr Barker says.

"I think that's still in the preliminary investigation stages."

For decades, the concept has struggled to fully take off for a number of reasons.

Back when Mr Glaser, Mr Chapman and others first began discussing a space-based solar power project with interested parties they ran into a macroeconomic challenge: the price of oil moved upward and peaked in the 1980s, only to crash later that same decade, which removed much of the incentive to turn to the sun via expensive satellite projects.

"The whole thing got put on the back burner," says Mr Chapman.

Another hurdle has been the lack of sufficient government or private investments backing a huge space-based solar project.

The industry is still at least four years away from seeing a fleet of solar-grabbing satellites launched into space - from the time that somebody decides to start investing money into such a plan, Mr Chapman estimates.

"It's a big project," says Mr Chapman, who pegs its cost in the tens of billions of dollars. "It's an enormous project."

Others believe the wait will be longer than that.

Mr Mankins, for one, estimates it will take about a decade before there is a major proof of concept for space-based solar satellites. He says advances in robotics, electronics, software and wireless Internet connectivity are playing in the industry's favour.

Only time will tell whether the sun will shine on this ambitious idea.

The specs

Engine: 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbo hybrid

Transmission: eight-speed automatic

Power: 390bhp

Torque: 400Nm

Price: Dh340,000 ($92,579

ETFs explained

Exhchange traded funds are bought and sold like shares, but operate as index-tracking funds, passively following their chosen indices, such as the S&P 500, FTSE 100 and the FTSE All World, plus a vast range of smaller exchanges and commodities, such as gold, silver, copper sugar, coffee and oil.

ETFs have zero upfront fees and annual charges as low as 0.07 per cent a year, which means you get to keep more of your returns, as actively managed funds can charge as much as 1.5 per cent a year.

There are thousands to choose from, with the five biggest providers BlackRock’s iShares range, Vanguard, State Street Global Advisors SPDR ETFs, Deutsche Bank AWM X-trackers and Invesco PowerShares.

THE SPECS

GMC Sierra Denali 1500

Engine: 6.2-litre V8

Transmission: 10-speed automatic

Power: 420hp

Torque: 623Nm

Price: Dh232,500

Stuck in a job without a pay rise? Here's what to do

Chris Greaves, the managing director of Hays Gulf Region, says those without a pay rise for an extended period must start asking questions – both of themselves and their employer.

“First, are they happy with that or do they want more?” he says. “Job-seeking is a time-consuming, frustrating and long-winded affair so are they prepared to put themselves through that rigmarole? Before they consider that, they must ask their employer what is happening.”

Most employees bring up pay rise queries at their annual performance appraisal and find out what the company has in store for them from a career perspective.

Those with no formal appraisal system, Mr Greaves says, should ask HR or their line manager for an assessment.

“You want to find out how they value your contribution and where your job could go,” he says. “You’ve got to be brave enough to ask some questions and if you don’t like the answers then you have to develop a strategy or change jobs if you are prepared to go through the job-seeking process.”

For those that do reach the salary negotiation with their current employer, Mr Greaves says there is no point in asking for less than 5 per cent.

“However, this can only really have any chance of success if you can identify where you add value to the business (preferably you can put a monetary value on it), or you can point to a sustained contribution above the call of duty or to other achievements you think your employer will value.”

 

How I connect with my kids when working or travelling

Little notes: My girls often find a letter from me, with a joke, task or some instructions for the afternoon, and saying what I’m excited for when I get home.
Phone call check-in: My kids know that at 3.30pm I’ll be free for a quick chat.
Highs and lows: Instead of a “how was your day?”, at dinner or at bathtime we share three highlights; one thing that didn’t go so well; and something we’re looking forward to.
I start, you next: In the morning, I often start a little Lego project or drawing, and ask them to work on it while I’m gone, then we’ll finish it together.
Bedtime connection: Wake up and sleep time are important moments. A snuggle, some proud words, listening, a story. I can’t be there every night, but I can start the day with them.
Undivided attention: Putting the phone away when I get home often means sitting in the car to send a last email, but leaving it out of sight between home time and bedtime means you can connect properly.
Demystify, don’t demonise your job: Help them understand what you do, where and why. Show them your workplace if you can, then it’s not so abstract when you’re away - they’ll picture you there. Invite them into your “other” world so they know more about the different roles you have.