Miami-based art collector Pablo Rodriguez-Fraile spent about $67,000 in October on a 10-second video artwork that he could have watched online free of charge. He sold it for $6.6 million last week.
The video by digital artist Beeple, whose real name is Mike Winkelmann, was authenticated by blockchain, which serves as a digital signature to certify who owns it and that it is the original work.
It is a new type of digital asset – known as a non-fungible token – that has become popular during the pandemic as enthusiasts and investors scramble to spend enormous sums of money on items that only exist online.
Blockchain technology allows the items to be publicly authenticated as one of a kind, unlike traditional online objects that can be endlessly reproduced.
“You can go in the Louvre and take a picture of the Mona Lisa and you can have it there, but it doesn’t have any value because it doesn’t have the provenance or the history of the work,” said Mr Rodriguez-Fraile, who said he first bought Beeple’s piece because of his knowledge of the US-based artist’s work.
“The reality here is that this is very, very valuable because of who is behind it.”
“Non-fungible” refers to items that cannot be exchanged on a like-for-like basis, as each one is unique – in contrast to “fungible” assets such as dollars, stocks or bars of gold.
Examples of NFTs range from digital artworks and sports cards to pieces of land in online environments or exclusive use of a cryptocurrency wallet name, akin to the scramble for domain names in the early days of the internet.
The video sold by Mr Rodriguez-Fraile shows what appears to be a giant Donald Trump on the ground, his body covered in slogans, in an otherwise idyllic setting.
OpenSea, a marketplace for NFTs, said monthly sales volume stood at $86.3m by the last week of February, up from $8m in January, quoting blockchain data. Monthly sales were at $1.5m a year ago.
“If you spend 10 hours a day on the computer, or eight hours a day in the digital realm, then art in the digital realm makes tonnes of sense – because it is the world,” said OpenSea’s co-founder Alex Atallah.
However, investors said that while big money is flowing into NFTs, the market could represent a price bubble.
As with many new niche investment areas, there is the risk of major losses if the hype dies down, while there could be prime opportunities for fraudsters in a market where many participants operate under pseudonyms.
Nonetheless, auction house Christie’s recently launched its first sale of digital art – a collage of 5,000 pictures, also by Beeple – which exists solely as an NFT. Bids for the work have hit $3m, with the sale due to close next Thursday.
“We are in unknown territory. In the first 10 minutes of bidding, we had more than 100 bids from 21 bidders and we were at $1m,” said Noah Davis, specialist in postwar and contemporary art at Christie’s.
His division has never had an online-only sale of more than $1m, he said.
In a decision that could help push cryptocurrencies further into the mainstream, the auction house that was founded in 1766 will accept payment in the digital coin Ethereum as well as traditional money.
“I think that this moment was inevitable and whenever institutions of any kind try to resist inevitability, it does not work out very well,” said Mr Davis as he referred to crypto payments.
“And so, the best thing you can do is embrace the terrifying.”
NFTs could be benefitting from the hype around cryptocurrencies and blockchain, as well as virtual reality’s potential to create online worlds. The growing interest also coincides with a surge in online retail trading during lockdowns.
The start of the rush for NFTs has been linked with the launch of the US National Basketball Association’s Top Shot website, which allows users to buy and trade NFTs in the form of video highlights of games.
Five months after its launch, the platform says it has more than 100,000 buyers and about $250m in sales. Most sales take place in the site’s peer-to-peer marketplace, with the NBA receiving a royalty on every sale.
The volume is rapidly rising: February sales totalled $198m as of Friday, heading for a fivefold increase from January’s $44m, Top Shot said.
Each collectible has “a unique serial number with guaranteed scarcity and protected ownership guaranteed by blockchain”, the site says.
“When you own #23/49 of a legendary LeBron James dunk, you are the only person in the world who does.”
The biggest transaction to date was on February 22, when a user paid $208,000 for a video of a LeBron James slam dunk.
One NFT enthusiast, who goes by the pseudonym Pranksy, said he invested $600 in an early NFT project in 2017 and has now built that up to a portfolio “worth seven figures” in NFTs and cryptocurrencies.
Pranksy said he has now spent more than $1m on Top Shot and made about $4.7m by reselling purchases. Reuters was unable to independently verify the figures, although NBA Top Shot confirmed he is among the site’s biggest buyers.
“I see them as investments really, much like any other collectibles and NFTs that currently exist,” he said in an interview conducted via Twitter.
“I had never watched a game of basketball before Top Shot launched.”
Nate Hart, a Nashville-based NFT investor who has been involved in the market since it first developed in 2017, has seen some popular digital art NFTs such as Autoglyphs and CryptoPunk surge in value.
Mr Hart said he bought a LeBron James Cosmic NFT on NBA Top Shot for $40,000 in January, then sold it for $125,000 last month.
“We are in awe; it just doesn’t feel real. We were in the right place, right time, got lucky, but we also took that risk,” he said.
“The space has been growing a lot. I do think that this is a little bit of a bubble. It is a bubble. It is hard to predict what the top will be.”
Andrew Steinwold, who launched a $6m NFT investment fund in January, said the majority of NFTs could become worthless in future.
However, he is confident that some items will retain their value and that NFTs represent the future of digital ownership, paving the way for a world in which people live, socialise and make money in online environments.
“We are spending a lot of our time digitally, always plugged in. It makes sense to add property rights to the mix and suddenly we have the emergence of the metaverse. I think it is going to reach into the trillions of dollars one day,” he said.
