The murder of a Filipina maid whose body was found in a freezer in Kuwait has triggered outrage and prompted Manila to impose a departure ban for its citizens planning to work in the Gulf state.
But many of the estimated 252,000 Filipinos and Filipinas already working in Kuwait have relatives back home who depend on remittances to survive, and some say they are forced to choose between their own well-being and that of their children.
Luzviminda, 40, has worked in a hair salon in central Kuwait City since 2013 to support her five children, who live with her mother in the Philippines.
Despite being rattled by news of the murder of Joanne Demafelis, she said going home was not an option.
“I need the money,” she said as she strolled through a park in the city.
“My eldest son started university this year to study business administration. It’s expensive, and there’s no way I would have been able to afford it if I had stayed in my country.”
Ms Demafelis’s body was discovered in abandoned flat in Kuwait, bearing what officials said appeared to be signs of torture.
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[ Both suspects in Kuwait murder of Filipina held ]
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A Lebanese-Syrian couple suspected of the young maid’s murder were arrested last week in the Syrian capital Damascus, after an Interpol manhunt.
Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte has vowed to bring justice to Ms Demafelis's family, lashing out at Kuwait and alleging employers routinely abuse Filipina workers, force them to work 21 hours a day and feed them scraps.
Mr Duterte also launched a repatriation plan under which some 1,700 workers have already returned home, according to the Philippines government.
Kuwait, whose image was dealt a serious blow, offered an amnesty to illegal workers wanting to fly back home.
But Human Rights Watch has warned the new Philippine ban would likely trigger a wave of unregulated labour migration, exposing thousands to an even greater risk of abuse.
Valued for their fluency in English, over two million Philippine citizens are employed across the Gulf.
While the murder rocked the Philippine community in Kuwait, many say they want to remain in the country.
“I was truly afraid – but actually because I want to stay here to make sure my children graduate from school,” said Luzviminda, who asked that her family name be withheld.
“But if the government asks me to leave, I will have no choice but to comply”.
Like many others, her fate – and that of her children – now lies in the hands of diplomats, as the crisis between the two countries deepens.
Some plan to lobby the Philippines’ Overseas Workers Welfare Administration to lift Mr Duterte’s ban, at least for skilled workers whose status in Kuwait is not tied to a single family under the ‘kafala’ sponsorship system prevalent in the Middle East.
“There are a lot of opportunities for the Filipinos” in Kuwait, said Anna Bunda, who works with a recruitment agency.
“I hope that the government will hear us.”
Attorney Mohammed Al Humaidi, director of the Kuwait Society for Human Rights, said his group regularly receives calls for help from Filipinas with abusive employers.
“While we have a deal with a legal bureau which represents workers and maids in court, the unfortunate reality is that many calls for help do not even reach us,” he said.
The head of Kuwait’s parliamentary Human Rights Committee, Adil Damkhi, says the judiciary does not discriminate when it comes to crimes in Kuwait.
“There have been several horrific incidents on both sides, but crimes committed by Kuwaitis are more prominent in the media than crimes committed by the maids,” Mr Damkhi said.
He called the Demafelis murder “a heinous crime”.
“The suspects have been arrested and will be tried, just as any Kuwaitis who attack their workers will be punished,” he said.
Rose, 56, a housekeeper in Kuwait since 1997, said the benefits of working there outweigh any risks.
"I worked for five families, the last of which was an American family. They treat me well," she said.
“I cook what I want, and I exercise every morning on my own – and I help my family back home to cope with the burdens of life.”