Throughout the world, the decision to reopen university campuses has been a source of fierce controversy. In the US, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, University of North Carolina and Michigan State University have already been forced to suspend in-person classes following a surge in Covid-19 cases on campus.
At the same time, opposing arguments, such as that of Brown University President Christina Paxson, emphasise a host of issues that students and universities will face if campuses remain closed, highlighting the difficulties that remote learning presents for students who are less privileged.
What does all this mean from the educational point of view? Since digital alternatives that maximise safety exist, is there a non-financial argument for retaining the campus?
How does it help further the education of students who aren’t enrolled in courses such as nursing or chemistry that require a specific physical environment? Does in-person higher education even have a future?
As the dean of a global business school who also sits on numerous education boards, I know that higher education has weathered many rounds of technological innovation in the past. One of the very biggest was the introduction of the printing press in the 15th century. Rather than sending higher education into decline, Johannes Gutenberg's innovation made universities stronger than ever. As did the invention of the calculator, the personal computer and the internet.
Just like the impact of earlier technological novelties, higher education will adapt and come out stronger with virtual learning. Rather than being disrupted, the institutions that survive this crisis will be augmented by the new technology. Getting there, however, will entail a radical rethink of the university campus as we have known it.
But before we get into that, let’s back up a bit. The legacy model of higher education has worked so well – and lasted so long – because it balances two complementary ways of learning: vertical (top-down), and horizontal (social).
Vertical learning is what happens in a lecture hall or during office hours.
Students frantically take notes or discuss the material with an expert. In effect, a vertical learning space is anywhere a professor or someone else officially knowledgeable is doing most of the important talking. Vertical learning is the formal part of education.
Horizontal learning usually occurs between the students themselves.
Educators can try to inspire it by facilitating projects like group assignments, but it also happens spontaneously as students cross paths after class, or debate at cafeteria tables. Horizontal learning is often informal, uncontrollable and indifferent to our daily schedules.
Vertical learning can be planned in advance and, to some degree, packaged. It is largely possible in an online context, and given the new realities, that's likely where it will stay. Before the long-awaited vaccine arrives, packed lecture halls and cloistered conversations with professors are best avoided.
No doubt, virtual classrooms have their drawbacks. For example, it’s much easier to read the room when teaching face-to-face: are the students engaged, bored or confused?
There’s also the reality of “Zoom fatigue”. Professors’ energies may wane over the course of days and weeks of wrestling with the myriad challenges associated with teaching online. And students, too, have reported that online learning lacks the intimacy and interactivity of real-world classrooms. Pre-Covid-19 research found that students learn less in online classes than they do in person.
However, after a period of adjustment, teaching online may become second nature, and offerings may improve as a result. As professors get used to the bells and whistles associated with this technology, they will come to appreciate certain freedoms or additional technical capabilities that are lacking in conventional classroom settings.
In a huge lecture hall, for example, it is logistically difficult for students to hive off into smaller groups and then have everyone reconvene in a timely fashion. Within Zoom, the ease of creating virtual breakout rooms removes those hurdles, making it easy to dispel the prolonged passivity of listening to a lecture with interactive sessions. This is arguably a more effective approach that compensates for the de-personalising tendencies of technology and also reaffirms students’ active involvement in their own learning.
In other words, digital tools allow schools to integrate some horizontal learning into vertical venues. However, without a vibrant campus – a physical platform for unplanned interactions – the spontaneity of horizontal learning would mostly disappear.
Because horizontal learning can’t be mandated, it still happens more easily in spaces that are designed for social interactions. Research suggests the disappearance of the campus would be a massive loss to students.
For example, a 2018 study found that students who taught a lesson – without the benefit of notes – based on what they had just learnt in class retained as much knowledge a week later as peers who wrote down the information instead of teaching it. This suggests students may learn better overall when they can teach one another as a complement to official instruction. Without a physical environment built for mutual learning, valuable opportunities will be lost.
An expanded learning model that combines online classes, some in-person lectures, and social interactions on campus will produce even better outcomes than the existing legacy model. Similarly, the ongoing rise of online tools will make universities even stronger if they find a way to provide the right environment for social learning.
The current wave is not a disruption. It is a reconstruction of learning with an incredible number of content delivery options. Horizontal learning opportunities will become even more important within this dual system.
When schools opt for augmentation, the campus of the future will pivot toward less structured education. If you strolled through this future campus, you would notice fewer people rushing to their next classes and more groups engaging in hours-long passionate conversations.
The physical campus would become a dynamic hub, rather than a singular point where learning takes place. It would also be a source of support (technical and otherwise) for the vulnerable students of whom Ms Paxson rightly reminded us.
Over time, the general campus atmosphere may come to resemble something like an Apple store, where students gather to test out ideas as well as technology, and recharge their social batteries before diving back into coursework at home.
Most importantly, it would uphold the notion of higher education as the best vehicle for students to learn both from one another and from experts. They will become more competent, connected and agile. It is a promise that the future educational institutions must fulfil.
Ilian Mihov is Dean of Insead, Professor of Economics and The Rausing Chaired Professor of Economic and Business Transformation
