Iran's next president will take charge of a country suffering from serious economic problems and bruised by the pandemic, a Chatham House online seminar has heard.
Voter turnout for the election next week is expected to be low, in part because the powerful Guardian Council disqualified many candidates.
In 2018, Donald Trump, then US president, withdrew his country from the 2015 nuclear deal Iran agreed to with world powers.
Iran’s economy suffered and its currency plummeted after Mr Trump imposed heavy sanctions.
The reasons for the disillusionment among people were obvious, said Nazila Fathi, a non-resident fellow at the Middle East Institute.
“Of course, we’ve had the suppressions of 2018, 2019," Ms Fathi said.
"The government has used extreme force and violence to crack down on any kind of dissent.
"People are just fed up. People don’t feel there is a reason for them to take part in the elections or in any other political event that would show support for the regime."
A survey by the government-linked Iranian Students Polling Agency suggested a turnout of only 38 per cent, compared to 73 per cent in 2017, when President Hassan Rouhani was re-elected for his second and final term.
Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi, the head of the Iranian judiciary, is widely regarded as the front-runner.
“Unfortunately, none of the candidates, including Raisi, have been able to offer a policy, a road map or any kind agenda that would describe how they would address these very, very serious concerns that people have,” Ms Fathi said.
Kenneth Katzman, an Iran expert at the Congressional Research Service in Washington, said the debate in America over human rights in Iran would be reignited if Mr Raisi were elected.
Mr Katzman said US factions would regard Mr Raisi's election as justification for American caution in re-entering a nuclear deal with Iran.
Mr Raisi has been accused by Amnesty International of being a leading figure in the state-backed executions of thousands of political prisoners in Iran in 1988.
“If Raisi is elected, that’s going to bring the human rights issue to the fore in the US debate," Mr Katzman said.
"Human rights have not been really at the forefront until now in the debate about whether the US should rejoin the nuclear deal or not.
"It’s mostly focused on Iran’s support for regional armed factions."
Talks in Vienna, Austria, were launched in early April to draw Iran back into compliance. Tehran has repeatedly breached terms of the accord since the renewal of US sanctions.
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An Iranian vendor watches candidate Saeed Jalili speaking during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates, at a shop in Tehran on June 5, 2021. AFP -
An Iranian man watches candidate Ebrahim Raisi speaking during the first televised debate between presidential candidates, at a fresh produce shop in the capital Tehran, on June 5, 2021. AFP -
An Iranian man watches the first presidential candidates TV debate as candidate Ebrahim Raisi is speaking, in his shop in Tehran. EPA -
An Iranian hairdresser works as the first presidential candidates' TV debate shows presidential candidate Ebrahim Raisi speaking. EPA -
An Iranian woman watches the first presidential candidates TV debate on her phone. EPA -
Iranian presidential candidates, Saeed Jalili, Ebrahim Raisi, Amirhossein Ghazizade, Alireza Zakani, Mohsen Rezaie, Mohsen Mehralizadeh, and Abdol Naser Hemati, during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates at the Iran State television studio in Tehran. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Ebrahim Raisi during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Mohsen Rezaie during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Alireza Zakani during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Mohsen Mehralizadeh during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Abdolnaser Hemati during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Amirhossein Ghazizade during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club -
Iranian presidential candidate Said Jalili during the first televised debate between Iran presidential candidates. AFP PHOTO /Iranian Young Journalist Club
Mr Trump’s successor, Joe Biden, wants to return to the deal but only if Iran is compliant. Tehran insists that the sanctions are lifted first.
Mr Katzman said that in Washington, the Iranian elections were not considered a game changer.
Victory for Mr Raisi would not "dramatically" alter Iran’s negotiating position amid continuing talks.
“I point out to people around town, these elections are not for the leader of Iran," Mr Katzman said.
"The leader of Iran is supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. He is the leader in practice, as well as in title.
“He is Commander in Chief of the armed forces. He is not shy about stating his positions.
"He has clearly indicated that if the US comes back into compliance with the nuclear deal, Iran would do so. I think we have to take him at his word.”
