The Big Bang theory: it's a repeat



Like great works of art, even the most astonishing scientific discoveries can lose their impact through overexposure. Take the notion that our universe began in a Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Has there ever been a more mind-boggling scientific statement? Yet through constant repetition, it has gone the way of The Ride of the Valkyries, leaving most who hear it completely unmoved.

Most, but not all. Children can still appreciate the concept of the Big Bang for what it is, and ask awkward questions like "So what was there before the Big Bang?" Until recently, such impertinences could be batted away with the standard scientific answer that because "everything" includes time itself, it simply makes no sense to ask what happened "before" the Big Bang. The more common - and honest - response from many parents was doubtless "How should I know ?"

Both those responses are in danger of losing their credibility with the publication of two new books by leading theorists who believe the Big Bang needs to be rethought. They do not doubt it happened, but they do doubt whether it marked the beginning of Everything.

For many people, this will mark a return to good old-fashioned common sense. For the textbook account of the Big Bang would have us believe that until around 14 billion years ago, there was not merely just a vacuum but quite literally nothing at all: no space, time or anything. The new theories dispense with this appalling absence, replacing it with a more comforting view of the Big Bang as merely the latest in an endless cycle of cosmic birth and death.

The two theorists arrive at their conclusion by rather different routes. As an expert in quantum gravity at Penn State University in the United States, Prof Martin Bojowald spends his time combining the two great theories of physics: quantum theory, which rules the sub-atomic world, and Einstein's theory of gravity, known as general relativity. This is a notoriously difficult challenge, yet one that must be taken on if we are to understand the nature of space and time at the birth of the cosmos, when it was incredibly compact.

Prof Bojowald's work is exceptionally technical, but in his new book cycle, he explains how it seems able to probe back before the Big Bang, and hints at the existence of a previous universe.

Until recently, this was thought impossible, as the equations of general relativity go haywire at the moment of the Big Bang, giving crazy answers to even the simplest questions. Put simply, this is because at the Big Bang all the energy of the universe becomes crammed into an infinitely small volume of space and time. There have, however, long been suspicions that this so-called singularity problem might be solved if Einstein's theory were combined with quantum theory. That is because the famous uncertainty principle prevents the existence of an infinitely small volume of space and time, smearing it out into merely an incredibly small volume.

According to Prof Bojowald, quantum gravity can do more than just solve the singularity problem. It also suggests that there was something before the Big Bang, and that our universe did not burst literally out of nowhere. Indeed, he argues the smearing-out of space and time has the power to turn the attraction of gravity in the earlier universe into a powerful anti-gravitational effect, providing the propulsive force that triggered the birth of our own universe 14 billion years ago. Thus our own expanding universe may be the spawn of a collapsing and dying predecessor.

Sir Roger Penrose of the University of Oxford is renowned for his role in understanding why Einstein's theory of gravity breaks down at the Big Bang. He has spent much of his life trying to resolve the singularity problem and sets out his findings in Cycles of Time. His approach has been to turn what we know about our own universe into insights about what came before. And he too now believes the Big Bang was just part of an endless cycle, in a kind of cosmic Groundhog Day.

For Prof Penrose, one of the key features of our universe is its inexorable decline into a state of ever greater disorder. We are all familiar with cups smashing into a myriad fragments, but we would be dumbstruck if a whole load of fragments were to gather themselves up and assemble themselves into a cup. Indeed, we can rely on the emergence of disorder - or "entropy" - to tell us the direction of time. If we see footage of, say, a wrecked car putting itself back together, we know the film is running backwards.

To cut a long story short, Prof Penrose argues that this feature of our universe links its beginning and its end - which may in fact be the same thing. As such, what we regard as the birth of our universe, the Big Bang, may also be regarded as the death of the universe before our own. And so, like Prof Bojowald, he concludes our universe is just the latest in an endless cosmic cycle.

It is tempting to dismiss this as idle academic speculation. But Prof Penrose has come up with a testable prediction of his ideas. It exploits the power of the most violent events that can occur in any universe, including our own: the collision of black holes.

Black holes are objects whose gravity is so strong not even light can escape their clutches. Astronomers believe that gigantic black holes lurk at the centre of most galaxies, and when they collide they release so much energy that it triggers tsunamis in the very fabric of space and time.

According to Prof Penrose, the upheaval generated by colliding black holes in one universe could appear as bursts of energy in the early moments of its successor. These, in turn, would show up as ring-like patterns in the heat left over from the last Big Bang.

Since the 1990s, astronomers have been drawing up ever more detailed maps of this cosmic heat. Together with Prof Vahe Gurzadyan of the Yerevan Physics Institute, Armenia, Prof Penrose has been analysing this data. And he now claims to have found the ring-like patterns predicted by his theory.

You can be sure Prof Penrose's claim will be given a tough time by his fellow researchers. Even so, it may well prove to be the first rumble of an intellectual Big Bang that will explode our current conception of creation.

Robert Matthews is a visiting reader in Science at Aston University, Birmingham, England

How to protect yourself when air quality drops

Install an air filter in your home.

Close your windows and turn on the AC.

Shower or bath after being outside.

Wear a face mask.

Stay indoors when conditions are particularly poor.

If driving, turn your engine off when stationary.

Company%20profile
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The Pope's itinerary

Sunday, February 3, 2019 - Rome to Abu Dhabi
1pm: departure by plane from Rome / Fiumicino to Abu Dhabi
10pm: arrival at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport


Monday, February 4
12pm: welcome ceremony at the main entrance of the Presidential Palace
12.20pm: visit Abu Dhabi Crown Prince at Presidential Palace
5pm: private meeting with Muslim Council of Elders at Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque
6.10pm: Inter-religious in the Founder's Memorial


Tuesday, February 5 - Abu Dhabi to Rome
9.15am: private visit to undisclosed cathedral
10.30am: public mass at Zayed Sports City – with a homily by Pope Francis
12.40pm: farewell at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport
1pm: departure by plane to Rome
5pm: arrival at the Rome / Ciampino International Airport

Fifa%20World%20Cup%20Qatar%202022%20
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EFirst%20match%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ENovember%2020%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFinal%2016%20round%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EDecember%203%20to%206%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EQuarter-finals%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EDecember%209%20and%2010%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ESemi-finals%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EDecember%2013%20and%2014%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFinal%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EDecember%2018%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
10 tips for entry-level job seekers
  • Have an up-to-date, professional LinkedIn profile. If you don’t have a LinkedIn account, set one up today. Avoid poor-quality profile pictures with distracting backgrounds. Include a professional summary and begin to grow your network.
  • Keep track of the job trends in your sector through the news. Apply for job alerts at your dream organisations and the types of jobs you want – LinkedIn uses AI to share similar relevant jobs based on your selections.
  • Double check that you’ve highlighted relevant skills on your resume and LinkedIn profile.
  • For most entry-level jobs, your resume will first be filtered by an applicant tracking system for keywords. Look closely at the description of the job you are applying for and mirror the language as much as possible (while being honest and accurate about your skills and experience).
  • Keep your CV professional and in a simple format – make sure you tailor your cover letter and application to the company and role.
  • Go online and look for details on job specifications for your target position. Make a list of skills required and set yourself some learning goals to tick off all the necessary skills one by one.
  • Don’t be afraid to reach outside your immediate friends and family to other acquaintances and let them know you are looking for new opportunities.
  • Make sure you’ve set your LinkedIn profile to signal that you are “open to opportunities”. Also be sure to use LinkedIn to search for people who are still actively hiring by searching for those that have the headline “I’m hiring” or “We’re hiring” in their profile.
  • Prepare for online interviews using mock interview tools. Even before landing interviews, it can be useful to start practising.
  • Be professional and patient. Always be professional with whoever you are interacting with throughout your search process, this will be remembered. You need to be patient, dedicated and not give up on your search. Candidates need to make sure they are following up appropriately for roles they have applied.

Arda Atalay, head of Mena private sector at LinkedIn Talent Solutions, Rudy Bier, managing partner of Kinetic Business Solutions and Ben Kinerman Daltrey, co-founder of KinFitz

COMPANY PROFILE
Name: ARDH Collective
Based: Dubai
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Sector: Sustainability
Total funding: Self funded
Number of employees: 4
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Almnssa
Started: August 2020
Founder: Areej Selmi
Based: Gaza
Sectors: Internet, e-commerce
Investments: Grants/private funding
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: HyperSpace
 
Started: 2020
 
Founders: Alexander Heller, Rama Allen and Desi Gonzalez
 
Based: Dubai, UAE
 
Sector: Entertainment 
 
Number of staff: 210 
 
Investment raised: $75 million from investors including Galaxy Interactive, Riyadh Season, Sega Ventures and Apis Venture Partners
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Joker: Folie a Deux

Starring: Joaquin Phoenix, Lady Gaga, Brendan Gleeson

Director: Todd Phillips 

Rating: 2/5

Forced%20Deportations
%3Cp%3EWhile%20the%20Lebanese%20government%20has%20deported%20a%20number%20of%20refugees%20back%20to%20Syria%20since%202011%2C%20the%20latest%20round%20is%20the%20first%20en-mass%20campaign%20of%20its%20kind%2C%20say%20the%20Access%20Center%20for%20Human%20Rights%2C%20a%20non-governmental%20organization%20which%20monitors%20the%20conditions%20of%20Syrian%20refugees%20in%20Lebanon.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%E2%80%9CIn%20the%20past%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20General%20Security%20was%20responsible%20for%20the%20forced%20deportation%20operations%20of%20refugees%2C%20after%20forcing%20them%20to%20sign%20papers%20stating%20that%20they%20wished%20to%20return%20to%20Syria%20of%20their%20own%20free%20will.%20Now%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20army%2C%20specifically%20military%20intelligence%2C%20is%20responsible%20for%20the%20security%20operation%2C%E2%80%9D%20said%20Mohammad%20Hasan%2C%20head%20of%20ACHR.%3Cbr%3EIn%20just%20the%20first%20four%20months%20of%202023%20the%20number%20of%20forced%20deportations%20is%20nearly%20double%20that%20of%20the%20entirety%20of%202022.%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ESince%20the%20beginning%20of%202023%2C%20ACHR%20has%20reported%20407%20forced%20deportations%20%E2%80%93%20200%20of%20which%20occurred%20in%20April%20alone.%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20comparison%2C%20just%20154%20people%20were%20forcfully%20deported%20in%202022.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Violence%20
%3Cp%3EInstances%20of%20violence%20against%20Syrian%20refugees%20are%20not%20uncommon.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EJust%20last%20month%2C%20security%20camera%20footage%20of%20men%20violently%20attacking%20and%20stabbing%20an%20employee%20at%20a%20mini-market%20went%20viral.%20The%20store%E2%80%99s%20employees%20had%20engaged%20in%20a%20verbal%20altercation%20with%20the%20men%20who%20had%20come%20to%20enforce%20an%20order%20to%20shutter%20shops%2C%20following%20the%20announcement%20of%20a%20municipal%20curfew%20for%20Syrian%20refugees.%3Cbr%3E%E2%80%9CThey%20thought%20they%20were%20Syrian%2C%E2%80%9D%20said%20the%20mayor%20of%20the%20Nahr%20el%20Bared%20municipality%2C%20Charbel%20Bou%20Raad%2C%20of%20the%20attackers.%3Cbr%3EIt%20later%20emerged%20the%20beaten%20employees%20were%20Lebanese.%20But%20the%20video%20was%20an%20exemplary%20instance%20of%20violence%20at%20a%20time%20when%20anti-Syrian%20rhetoric%20is%20particularly%20heated%20as%20Lebanese%20politicians%20call%20for%20the%20return%20of%20Syrian%20refugees%20to%20Syria.%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Fixtures

Sunday, December 8, Sharjah Cricket Stadium – UAE v USA

Monday, December 9, Sharjah Cricket Stadium – USA v Scotland

Wednesday, December 11, Sharjah Cricket Stadium – UAE v Scotland

Thursday, December 12, ICC Academy, Dubai – UAE v USA

Saturday, December 14, ICC Academy, Dubai – USA v Scotland

Sunday, December 15, ICC Academy, Dubai – UAE v Scotland

Note: All matches start at 10am, admission is free

Sarfira

Director: Sudha Kongara Prasad

Starring: Akshay Kumar, Radhika Madan, Paresh Rawal 

Rating: 2/5

Brief scores:

Day 2

England: 277 & 19-0

West Indies: 154

The biog

Favourite food: Tabbouleh, greek salad and sushi

Favourite TV show: That 70s Show

Favourite animal: Ferrets, they are smart, sensitive, playful and loving

Favourite holiday destination: Seychelles, my resolution for 2020 is to visit as many spiritual retreats and animal shelters across the world as I can

Name of first pet: Eddy, a Persian cat that showed up at our home

Favourite dog breed: I love them all - if I had to pick Yorkshire terrier for small dogs and St Bernard's for big

Sreesanth's India bowling career

Tests 27, Wickets 87, Average 37.59, Best 5-40

ODIs 53, Wickets 75, Average 33.44, Best 6-55

T20Is 10, Wickets 7, Average 41.14, Best 2-12

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Cinco in numbers

Dh3.7 million

The estimated cost of Victoria Swarovski’s gem-encrusted Michael Cinco wedding gown

46

The number, in kilograms, that Swarovski’s wedding gown weighed.

1,000

The hours it took to create Cinco’s vermillion petal gown, as seen in his atelier [note, is the one he’s playing with in the corner of a room]

50

How many looks Cinco has created in a new collection to celebrate Ballet Philippines’ 50th birthday

3,000

The hours needed to create the butterfly gown worn by Aishwarya Rai to the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.

1.1 million

The number of followers that Michael Cinco’s Instagram account has garnered.

COMPANY%20PROFILE%20
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The 24-man squad:

Goalkeepers: Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea), Simon Mignolet (Liverpool), Koen Casteels (VfL Wolfsburg).

Defenders: Toby Alderweireld (Tottenham), Thomas Meunier (Paris Saint-Germain), Thomas Vermaelen (Barcelona), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham), Dedryck Boyata (Celtic), Vincent Kompany (Manchester City).

Midfielders: Marouane Fellaini (Manchester United), Axel Witsel (Tianjin Quanjian), Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City), Eden Hazard (Chelsea), Nacer Chadli (West Bromwich Albion), Leander Dendoncker (Anderlecht), Thorgan Hazard (Borussia Moenchengladbach), Youri Tielemans (Monaco), Mousa Dembele (Tottenham Hotspur).

Forwards: Michy Batshuayi (Chelsea/Dortmund), Yannick Carrasco (Dalian Yifang), Adnan Januzaj (Real Sociedad), Romelu Lukaku (Manchester United), Dries Mertens (Napoli).

Standby player: Laurent Ciman (Los Angeles FC).


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