October 20 marks four years since the Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafi made his last stand in his home town, Sirte. An amateur video showed him bloodied and surrounded by rebels pushing him into the back of a pickup truck. What is certain is that he was captured alive and possibly suffering from minor injuries only to be pronounced dead as he was transported to Misurata about 250 kilometres west of Sirte.
Human rights experts believe that Qaddafi and his companions were summarily executed. The man credited with his capture, Omran Shaaban, himself died in unclear circumstances.
Four years after Qaddafi’s death, Libya is not any better off. The current state of the country makes it almost logical to speculate what would have happened if he were still alive. His death can be highlighted as a landmark in Libya's history, but it also proved bad for the country. This is why many Libyans would have liked to see him face trial. Many of them think Qaddafiwas unfairly treated.
Abdurrahman, a former rebel commander who does not want to use his real name, thinks it was a mistake to kill him and that “the man should have been tried before the court of law because he knew too many things and could have provided answers to so many unanswered questions". He also thinks that Qaddafi was killed because certain foreign intelligence agencies believed that he could embarrass many world leaders if he were allowed his day in court.
He says the former Libyan leader is still popular. This is because many Libyans like to compare their country today with how life was under his rule. Libya today is on the brink of total disintegration with two governments each claiming legitimacy and representation of the people. At the same time, ISIL is fast expanding its footprint in both the east and the west of the country. Less than two weeks ago, the terrorist group launched its most daring offensive when it attacked a compound within the Mitiga airport west of Tripoli.
Various militias have been operating simultaneously, with the judiciary hardly functioning. Arbitrary arrests, kidnapping and murders still take place, even if on a lesser scale compared to three years ago. Sporadic gunfire, road blocks and power shortages have become routine.
Benghazi has almost completely been destroyed in the ongoing war between the Libyan army of the internationally recognised government, based in Bayda, and Islamist factions concentrating mainly near the seafront north of the city. The capital, Tripoli, however, is under the control of a government – recognised by none – that was established after a bloody war ended in August 2014.
Life for ordinary Libyans in the capital might have marginally improved compared to a year ago, but the situation is far from normal.
People still lack security and struggle to make ends meet with the prices of commodities skyrocketing and little subsidised basic food available. Medical services are almost non-existent, so people are forced to seek treatment in neighbouring Tunisia. Those seeking to go to Europe find it even harder since all western embassies have withdrawn from the country, which means that they have to travel to Tunisia to apply for a visa.
Oil production, the main source of government revenue, is down by a third and the country now pumps less than 500,000 barrels a day, starving the treasury of the much-needed cash that would be used for paying thousands of civil servants. Government salaries are at least three months behind schedule.
All major infrastructure projects that were in progress when the unrest started four years ago have come to a halt as major foreign companies have left. Now the rusting cranes that dot Tripoli's skyline stand as a reminder of those days. Thousands of Libyans have been internally displaced, while an estimated one million citizens were forced to seek shelter abroad, particularly in Egypt and Tunisia.
Most schools and universities have yet to open for the current academic year, which is why children spend most of their time playing in unsafe streets.
All the while the political factions have been quarrelling about the shape of the next government, if ever agreed upon in endless United Nations-led talks in Morocco. Abdurrahman believes such talks will never deliver anything to the country.
Mustafa Fetouri is an independent Libyan academic and journalist who is now based in Belgium
The rules of the road keeping cyclists safe
Cyclists must wear a helmet, arm and knee pads
Have a white front-light and a back red-light on their bike
They must place a number plate with reflective light to the back of the bike to alert road-users
Avoid carrying weights that could cause the bike to lose balance
They must cycle on designated lanes and areas and ride safe on pavements to avoid bumping into pedestrians
Tips for travelling while needing dialysis
- Inform your doctor about your plans.
- Ask about your treatment so you know how it works.
- Pay attention to your health if you travel to a hot destination.
- Plan your trip well.
Profile of RentSher
Started: October 2015 in India, November 2016 in UAE
Founders: Harsh Dhand; Vaibhav and Purvashi Doshi
Based: Bangalore, India and Dubai, UAE
Sector: Online rental marketplace
Size: 40 employees
Investment: $2 million
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?
1. Black holes are objects whose gravity is so strong not even light can escape their pull
2. They can be created when massive stars collapse under their own weight
3. Large black holes can also be formed when smaller ones collide and merge
4. The biggest black holes lurk at the centre of many galaxies, including our own
5. Astronomers believe that when the universe was very young, black holes affected how galaxies formed
PRISCILLA
Director: Sofia Coppola
Starring: Cailee Spaeny, Jacob Elordi
Rating: 3/5
TWISTERS
Director:+Lee+Isaac+Chung
Starring:+Glen+Powell,+Daisy+Edgar-Jones,+Anthony+Ramos
Rating:+2.5/5
The years Ramadan fell in May
Company Profile
Name: Direct Debit System
Started: Sept 2017
Based: UAE with a subsidiary in the UK
Industry: FinTech
Funding: Undisclosed
Investors: Elaine Jones
Number of employees: 8
Kill
Director: Nikhil Nagesh Bhat
Starring: Lakshya, Tanya Maniktala, Ashish Vidyarthi, Harsh Chhaya, Raghav Juyal
Rating: 4.5/5
Director: Nag Ashwin
Starring: Prabhas, Saswata Chatterjee, Deepika Padukone, Amitabh Bachchan, Shobhana
Rating: ★★★★
Living in...
This article is part of a guide on where to live in the UAE. Our reporters will profile some of the country’s most desirable districts, provide an estimate of rental prices and introduce you to some of the residents who call each area home.
COMPANY PROFILE
Company name: Nomad Homes
Started: 2020
Founders: Helen Chen, Damien Drap, and Dan Piehler
Based: UAE and Europe
Industry: PropTech
Funds raised so far: $44m
Investors: Acrew Capital, 01 Advisors, HighSage Ventures, Abstract Ventures, Partech, Precursor Ventures, Potluck Ventures, Knollwood and several undisclosed hedge funds
COMPANY PROFILE
Company name: Revibe
Started: 2022
Founders: Hamza Iraqui and Abdessamad Ben Zakour
Based: UAE
Industry: Refurbished electronics
Funds raised so far: $10m
Investors: Flat6Labs, Resonance and various others
Match info
UAE v Bolivia, Friday, 6.25pm, Maktoum bin Rashid Stadium, Dubai
The Transfiguration
Director: Michael O’Shea
Starring: Eric Ruffin, Chloe Levine
Three stars
Herc's Adventures
Developer: Big Ape Productions
Publisher: LucasArts
Console: PlayStation 1 & 5, Sega Saturn
Rating: 4/5
MATCH INFO
Uefa Champions League, semi-final result:
Liverpool 4-0 Barcelona
Liverpool win 4-3 on aggregate
Champions Legaue final: June 1, Madrid
MATCH INFO
Manchester City 6 Huddersfield Town 1
Man City: Agüero (25', 35', 75'), Jesus (31'), Silva (48'), Kongolo (84' og)
Huddersfield: Stankovic (43')
THE SPECS
Engine: 1.5-litre
Transmission: 6-speed automatic
Power: 110 horsepower
Torque: 147Nm
Price: From Dh59,700
On sale: now
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Telr
Based: Dubai, UAE
Launch year: 2014
Number of employees: 65
Sector: FinTech and payments
Funding: nearly $30 million so far
COMPANY PROFILE
Company name: Klipit
Started: 2022
Founders: Venkat Reddy, Mohammed Al Bulooki, Bilal Merchant, Asif Ahmed, Ovais Merchant
Based: Dubai, UAE
Industry: Digital receipts, finance, blockchain
Funding: $4 million
Investors: Privately/self-funded
Lampedusa: Gateway to Europe
Pietro Bartolo and Lidia Tilotta
Quercus
FROM THE ASHES
Director: Khalid Fahad
Starring: Shaima Al Tayeb, Wafa Muhamad, Hamss Bandar
Rating: 3/5
THE HOLDOVERS
Director: Alexander Payne
Starring: Paul Giamatti, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Dominic Sessa
Rating: 4.5/5
What is graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged like honeycomb.
It was discovered in 2004, when Russian-born Manchester scientists Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov were "playing about" with sticky tape and graphite - the material used as "lead" in pencils.
Placing the tape on the graphite and peeling it, they managed to rip off thin flakes of carbon. In the beginning they got flakes consisting of many layers of graphene. But as they repeated the process many times, the flakes got thinner.
By separating the graphite fragments repeatedly, they managed to create flakes that were just one atom thick. Their experiment had led to graphene being isolated for the very first time.
At the time, many believed it was impossible for such thin crystalline materials to be stable. But examined under a microscope, the material remained stable, and when tested was found to have incredible properties.
It is many times times stronger than steel, yet incredibly lightweight and flexible. It is electrically and thermally conductive but also transparent. The world's first 2D material, it is one million times thinner than the diameter of a single human hair.
But the 'sticky tape' method would not work on an industrial scale. Since then, scientists have been working on manufacturing graphene, to make use of its incredible properties.
In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Their discovery meant physicists could study a new class of two-dimensional materials with unique properties.